Leadership and Management Paper Essay

Ursula M. Burns is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Xerox. She has held this position for the last five years. She started out as a summer intern in 1980, and signed on in 1981. From then until she became CEO she has led several business teams and positions within Xerox, all along growing within the company. According to Fortune, she is the 22nd most powerful woman in the world. In addition to the Xerox board, she is a board director of the American Express Corporation and Exxon Mobil Corporation. Burns also provides leadership counsel to community, educational and non-profit organizations including FIRST – (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), National Academy Foundation, MIT, and the U.S. Olympic Committee, among others. She is a founding board director of Change the Equation, and President Barack Obama appointed Burns vice chair of the President’s Export Council (â€Å"Xerox: Ursula Burns, CEO†, 2014). Leadership and Management Holding a management title does not necessarily equate to holding leadership skills. Leadership is defined in many ways, and depending on who you ask can simply be â€Å"coordinating the work of others†. However that is taking a very limited view on leadership. Leadership is a combination of rationale, inspiration, science, and art. It is said, â€Å"Leaders are thought to do the right thing, while managers do things right† (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2009). Not all leaders are managers, look at Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He is argumentatively the most important Civil Rights leader, however many would not look to him as a manager. According to Forbes, Ursula has made Xerox a profitable and viable company, this past year, Burns helped Xerox generate adjusted earnings per share of $1.09, up from $1.02 in 2012, and  post $21.4 billion in full-year revenue (Forbes, 2014). Her skills as a manager aided in building Xerox to the power-house they are today. Burns is responsible for the largest acquisition in Xerox history, and has allowed them to invest in business services, which is a $600 billion industry. Making these decisions requires hard decisions, including outsourcing, closing offices that are not performing well, and adopting a work from home culture. Because of this Burns has found herself on the 2014 Worst CEO list put together by 24/7 Wall Street and Glassdoor. Burns received a positive review from fewer that the 140,000 employees Xerox gained in the business services acquisition. Only 30% approved of her performance (Brown, 2014). Also something that does not help Burns gain leadership approval is the fact that she was paid on average $13 million dollars for 2010 – 2012, while over 500 people were laid off. While Burns has made moves in hopes of ensuring the stability of Xerox there are some that are calling for her to be fired. Burns’ recent letter to shareholders showed just how badly the transaction had go ne. Over the course of 2010 to 2013, revenue, net income and operating margins are flat to down. In particular, revenue fell 1% to $21.4 billion in 2013. In the fourth quarter, revenue dropped 3% to $5.7 billion. Net income was down 1% to $1.2 billion last year. In the fourth quarter, the drop was 4% to $311 million (McIntyre, 2014). When measuring success of a leader, there are many ways to do that and depending on which way is chosen could render different results. Using unit performance indices, Burns appears to be very successful as a leader. Unit performance indices can be used to examine what impact leaders have on the â€Å"bottom lines† of their organizations. Since she has taken over as CEO, Xerox shares have gone up 50% and the S & P is higher by nearly 100% (Brown, 2014). Based on this information and her average salary the board must be happy with how she is performing. However, another way to measure success is by subordinates ratings of effectiveness. Subordinates may be relatively satisfied or dissatisfied, may be motivated or unmotivated, may feel relatively committed or uncommitted to the organization, or may believe their leader is relatively effective or ineffective. Because Burns has found herself on the worst CEO’s list of 2014 it can be said that she has been unsuccessful as a leader (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2009). Conclusion Overall it is important to remember that there are many dynamics to measuring leadership and management. Leadership and management can have many different meanings. Burns is a prime example of this. I believe she is an effective manager, because businesses are in the business of making money and her shareholders are happy. She also sits on the board of several inspirational companies like FIRST and Change the Equation, which could have many people looking at her leadership abilities. However, when it comes to Xerox her primary focus is making the shareholders happy, when could indicate she is not being a true leader in a way that motivates, inspires, encourages, or simply speaks to their employees. Refrences Hughes, R.L., Ginnett, R.C., &e Curphy, G.J. (2009). Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hills. Xerox: Ursula Burns, CEO. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.xerox.com/about-xerox/executive-leadership/ceo/enus.html McIntyre, D.A. (2014). Time for Xerox Board to Fire CEO Burns. Retrieved from http://247wallst.com/investing/2014/03/20/time-for-xerox-board-to-fire-ceo-burns/ Brown, A. (2014). Xerox’s Ursula Burns Named One of Worst CEO’s in Corporate America. Retrieved from http://madamenoire.com/418058/xeroxs-ursula-burns-named-one-worst-ceos-corporate-america/ Forbes: #22 Ursula Burns. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/profile/ursula-burns/

Is The Uk Planning System Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay

The United Kingdom ( UK ) planning system operates on three grades, national, regional and local planning governments ( Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005 ) . The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 ( PCPA ) was brought into English jurisprudence to rush up the proceedings in the planning system and to do the planning determinations of major developments more â€Å" predictable † as is defined by the explanatory notes to the 2004 Act. The UK planning system operates within the remits of â€Å" sustainable development † , this focuses on three facets societal, economic and environmental. This three prong standards adopted for an already complicated planning system has lead to unfavorable judgments of lucidity, intent and for decelerating down proceedings. In order to objectively measure Bell and McGillvray ‘s statement, â€Å" Section39 of the planning and mandatory purchase act requires all program doing organic structures to exert their maps ‘ with the aim of lending to the accomplishment of sustainable development † . Planing Policy Statement 6 ( PPS 6 ) , Planing for Town Centres, and Planing Policy Statement 9 ( PPS 9 ) , Biodiversity and Geological Conservation, are of critical relevancy to how and whom planning policy statute law is relevant to and as such are reviewed in respects to sustainable development. Sustainable development was the term coined and adopted by authoritiess, be aftering governments and non-government administrations for the development of planning policy and statute law, it â€Å" is the nucleus rule underpinning be aftering â€Å" ( PPS 6, 2003 ) . However there is still troubles in holding an internationally recognized definition, the most widely accepted definition is the publication of the United Nations ( UN ) World Commission on Environments Our Common hereafter ; â€Å" run intoing the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to develop. † The subject is to protect the environment from debasement and to advance economic and societal verve. The committedness to the betterment of societal, economic and physical environments is quickly being endorsed by authoritiess around the universe, nevertheless trouble is common in fulfilling all three countries on new developments. In many instances determinations can be argued to hold been inattentive of environmental impacts in favor of economic benefits, alternately it can be argued that environmental sensitiveness has needlessly denied or inflated costs of new developments. The Newbury beltway has been constructed ( Insert snail instance survey ) Planing Policy Statement 6 PPS 6 was issued by the office of the Deputy premier minster in December 2003, it replaced Planing Policy Guidance note 6 and â€Å" has a cardinal function in easing and advancing sustainable and inclusive development † ( PPS 6, 2003 ) . PPS 6 is responsible for the development in town Centres and its primary focal point is on the regeneration and care of verve in town Centres and high streets. Friends of the Earth have critiscised PPS 6 saying it is responsible for â€Å" failure to supply clear counsel to local governments on the demand to keep big format shops † in their 2004 Consultation response Draft Planning Policy Statement Six: Planning for Town Centres. Conflicts in the planning procedure are determined by the consensus on what is more sustainable, but what if there is dissension on what is more sustainable. Subsection 2.6 of PPS 6 provinces â€Å" Larger shops may present benefits for consumers and local planning governments should do proviso for them in th is context † promoting border of town Centre vicinities for such developments. Where as it has besides been argued that larger shops can in fact be damaging to the diverseness and verve of a community, due to larger shops exporting all economic benefits out of their unmoved locations ( Friends of the Earth 2004 ) . This would connote a contradiction between PPS 6 and portion 1 of the 2004 PCPA. Another drawback to PPS 6 is its focal point on economic betterment through sustainable planning. Environmental debasement can non comprehensively be measured in fiscal graduated tables, and as such should non trust on pecuniary compensation as an effectual replacement in a sustainable policy. Planing Policy Statement 9 PPS 9 is responsible for the protection of biodiversity and geological preservation, nevertheless it is capable to controversy as to its precedence in planning policy. Made up of merely 14 paragraphs PPS 9 is the shortest planning policy statement, it has been critisizced as insufficient and equivocal in its capacity to supply clear way for be aftering organic structures ( Wildlife & A ; Countryside Link 2004 ) . The authoritiess aims under PPS 9 are i ) to advance sustainable development two ) to conserve, enhance and reconstruct the diverseness of England ‘s wildlife and geology three ) to lend to rural reclamation and urban Renaissance ( PPS 9 2005 Page 2 ) . The committedness to the preservation of biodiversity is stated as one of the three chief aims of PPS 9, yet the the statement focuses on steps of conserving biodiversity in footings of protection of from debasement or injury. Wildlife & A ; countryside nexus responded to PPS 9 in 2004 saying that it † contains sm all to promote positive planning for biodiversity Restoration and enhancement e.g. habitat creative activity chances † . PPS 9 fails to recognize and show the signifigance of the rate and impact of biodiversity loss at a planetary graduated table and the critical function of be aftering governments and the structuring of regional spacial schemes in footings of these contexts ( Friends of the Earth, 2004 Page 2 ) . A terrible nothingness of consistent information on clime alteration and its impact on biodiversity, one refrence to climate alteration can be found ; â€Å" Over clip the distribution of home grounds and species, and structural procedures and characteristics, will be affected by clime alteration and such alteration will necessitate to be taken into history. † ( Planing Policy Statement 9, 2005. Page 4 ) If biodiversity is to be conserved so a comprehensive model should be provided by authorities on the impacts and suggest agencies for local planning governments to cover with the impacts of clime alteration Wildlife & A ; Countryside Link 2004 ) . Pargraph 10 of PPS 9 refers to the importance of biodiversity in ancient forests and emphasises that â€Å" one time lost it can non be recreated † , as such can non be capable to extenuation steps such as translocation as in the instance of the Desmoulin Whorl snail,1. Advancement for developments that would function to increase the loss of biodiversity is made possible by the get out clause â€Å" unless the demand for, and benefits of, the development in that location outweigh the loss of the forest home ground † ( PPS 9, 2005. Pg 6 ) . This caveate can be seen to promote the development of Sites of Particular Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , as it undermines the tone of the planning policy statement and the planning already requires the material considerations during the planning application phase ( Woodland Trust, 2004 ) . The Woodland Trust and Ancient Tree Forum requested the remotion of the aforesaid caveate in their 2004 response to PPS 9 proposing it would direct a clearer message about the protection of ancient forest. Decision The mandatory purchase act of 2004 serves to rush up be aftering proceedings and increase determination predictability, subdivision 39 of the act implores be aftering organic structures to keep development in a sustainable form. The effectivity of the mandatory purchase act of 2004 is straight affected by our definition of sustainable development and the precedences of economic, societal and environmental public assistance. The apprehension of sustainable development becomes diluted when applied to the multi-functional environment of suburban town Centres ( Griffiths S. 2008 ) .. Whilst still combative, the in agreement definition of sustainable development provided by UN universe committee on environments is clear in its aim, the more of import issue of what are considered to be acceptable sustainable patterns under planning policy statement should be reviewed with considerations to the responses of be aftering governments and non-governmental administrations. Climate alteration has caught tonss of attending in the political sphere with the most recent acme held in Copenhagen in December 2009, it is surprising so that there is merely one mention to climate alteration in PPS 9 and slightly conspicuous that it is the shortest of all the planning policy statements looking to be a briefly considered topic non built-in to the overall Agenda. The complexness of quantifying the resources provided to society by biodiversity in figures of currency make it a hard rival in for precedence in the political sphere of parliament. However the new system can be seen as a dramatic betterment in turn toing the antecedently vacant model on biodiversity preservation.

Change plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change plan - Assignment Example However, the facilitys corporate structure has come with various strategies to deal with highlighted challenges affecting the facility. As a result, the merged has emerged as one of the most prominent old care agency in Miami. Employee culture has been supportive of the development of the facility, which has contributed to the achievement of the most vital goals and objectives. The county and Federal governments have also been supportive through economic, social, and cultural contributions to the agency. Additionally, charity organizations have also played a major role in the financial maintenance of the facility. Consequently, the facility has been capable of holding more than a thousand old individuals in the society. Moreover, the community nursing has also been emphasized in the region whereby nurses can directly attend to the old in various communities. The organizational change is based on the Theory of change that is based on the achievements of the long-term goals of the facility (Cunliffe, 2008). The theory operates on the principles that a non-profit organization has an obligation to achieve the goals and objectives of an organization in both the short and long-term periods (Cunliffe, 2008). As a result, the long-term goals have been a motivational factor for a better future of the organization and society. Importantly, the society has been a major beneficiary of the facilitys organizational change. The county government has come up with a financing strategy that has helped reduce the cost of facilitys operational activities. Importantly, the facility has also been involved in assisting the non-well up towns in the society. As a result, the changes have been noted and publicized by international welfare organizational facilities that deal with taking care of the old. The changes that have occurred in the society have made a major improvement in the society. The facility has gathered information based on experiences of other old caring

Advertising language Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising language - Research Paper Example This essay "Advertising language" outlines the importance of the language in advertising in order to achieve the objectives of an advertisement. An advertiser, on most occasions will try to develop an advertising message that has the capability of attracting the attention and interest of the target customer. One of the major characteristics of an advertising language is the use of simple words to pass the message. As noted earlier, one of the major functions of an advertisement is providing information for purposes of attracting customers, and exploiting the market under consideration (Lescano, 2930). On this basis, a simple type of advertisement is required for purposes of arousing the interest and attention of the audience under consideration. This simple advertisement will also make it possible for the target market to easily remember the message passed. On this note, the use of a simple language will achieve this objective. Lescano (2930) further goes on to denote that in develop ing a simple language, the first step an advertiser has to conduct is to use oral and popular language. The second step in this process is the use of few letters, as well as single syllable words to develop a message. The following is an example of a an advertisement for a microwave oven developed by use of simple English (Lescano, 2930), â€Å"It was impossible to believe it., Until I gave it a try., I am totally impressed., You gotta have to try it, You will love it† Looking at the words in this advertisement, we can denote that they are oral, and very simple.

Analyse the policies of the European Union in broadcasting. Include in Essay

Analyse the policies of the European Union in broadcasting. Include in your answer some reflection on why transnational broadcasting has largely failed in Europe - Essay Example Various diversities such as linguistic, cultural, social, economical and religious , often challenge the smooth functioning of broadcasting. European Broadcasting Union have developed and followed a policy that ensures human rights especially the freedom of opinion and expression. One can find that it gives more emphasis on the protection of fundamental values such as cooperation, solidarity and tolerance. Transnational broadcasting system is a new trend of global audio visual markets. Transnational broadcasting system largely failed in Europe because of various reasons such as, economical, linguistic competition, relationship between channels and publishers, and technological developments. Economical, linguistic competition, relationship between channels and publishers, and technological developments influence the process of transitional broadcasting system. As a result of the existing broadcasting policy European Union have changed their broadcasting methods especially, the implementation of digital broadcasting which has provided a new phase. Under new broadcasting policy all European broadcasters are expected to convey their services on both analogue and digital platform. The existing audio and visual broadcasting policy is highly helpful to European countries in its social, cultural and economic development. Paula Chakravartty, Katharine Sarikakis state that; â€Å"In the case of broadcasting policy, debates about culture and identity ,function around claims for the recognition of difference in contrast to the universalizing tendencies of the market.† (Chakravartthy & Sarikakis 2006, p.87). The new broadcasting strategy will support the construction and allocation of European employment and it will change the social and economic scenario. The book entitled Broadcasting in the European Union: the role of public interest in†¦ provides valuable information about the advantages of new broadcasting policy to the

The analysis of thymine and its derivatives by electron-ionisation and Essay

The analysis of thymine and its derivatives by electron-ionisation and chemical-ionisation mass spectrometry - Essay Example Aromaticity of Thymine is due to the alignment of conjugated double bond and empty orbital of Nitrogens in the ring. Resonance also plays part in stabilizing the molecule. Thymine exists in different tautomeric form but the lactam form is the most stable and the form present in DNA structure. Thymine has the structure of an aromatic heterocyclic ring with two carbonyl attached to 2nd and 4th Carbon. A methyl group is attached to 5th Carbon. The first and third position of the ring is a Nitrogen atom. Both Nitrogen has unoccupied orbital that participates in stabilizing aromatic property of the molecule. Coupling of Thymine and 2-Deoxyribose creates the nucleoside Deoxythymidine which is commonly called Thymidine. One common mutations found in DNA are two adjacent pyrimidine bases commonly Thymidine that upon irradiation with UV-light will cause mutagenesis and therefore inhibits the process of translation. Thymine Thymidine Mass Spectrometry A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. The mass spectrum is not a spectrum with respect to electromagnetic radiation, as in the case or IR and NMR. Instead, it is a spectrum of plot of distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of the molecule, fragments derive from the molecule, or both. For the past years, advances in technology leads to well developed and precise mass spectrometric technique primarily used for structure determination and quantitative work. Mass spectrometers for structure elucidation can be classified according to the method of separating the charged particles. Most common methods are Magnetic Field Deflection, Quadrupole mass Spectrometry, Time of Flight, Ion-Cyclotron resonance and MS/MS (Tandem Mass spectrometry). The general procedure for a mass spectral analysis comes in subsequent steps. Feedingof sample in the Mass Spectrometer and undergoes vaporization. Vaporization is required if the starting substance is in liquid form. In mo st cases, this comes from an HPLC unit. GC-MS has been widely renowned for its convenience and accuracy. Components are then ionized using variety of techniques. This step is the determining factor for which kind of substance the mass spectrometer can effectively analyze. Biological sample are often ionized using Electron impact, Chemical ionization and the most recent Electron Spray Ionization. Contact with ions creates charge to various species of the sample. They are then separated according to their mass to charge ratio in a mass analyzer. The ions are detected by a transducer and then reported as spectral lines in mass spectra. Mass Spectral Analysis of Thymine Mass Spectra using Electron Ionization technique for Thymine has Molecular Ion peak at 126 m/z at almost 100% abundance. The intensity of the molecular ion peak depends on the stability of the molecular ion. Thymine is an Aromatic molecule so has the greatest stability of the molecular ion. M+1 ion is also evident as con sequence of using Electron Ionization technique in ionization step. Lower m/z lines were due to fragments of Thymine. Mass Spectroscopic Analysis of Thymidine Derivatives Oxidation of Thymine in DNA Changes in DNA structure such as oxidations in DNA bases pose a major role in mutagenic initiation and degenerative diseases. Peroxyl radicals (ROO) has been found to cause must of the oxidations in the body. The

Business Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Ethics - Case Study Example Absolutely, as long as there are individuals who are willing to circumvent the system, in the hopes of accruing a further profit, and place the lives of their consumers at risk due to a hurried and ill researched drug release, the legitimacy of the entire process falls into question. The first liability is with regards to the fact that illegal form of payment and unlawful interaction between Chang and American Therapeutics has taken place. As such, in the event that this is discovered, both of Chang and American Therapeutics could be held liable for any damages that resulted from their collusion. Moreover, even if no harm came of this, both of these could still be held liable for corruption and bribery outside the bounds of the law. In order to obtain rapid FDA approval, Vegesna could easily have ensured that all of his documents were in the correct order and that the testing facilities had been vetted and approved by the FDA. Even though this might not have resulted in an immediate level of approval, as was created by the bribery of the FDA official, it would necessarily have increased the turnaround time that he could have expected as compared to what was realized by other firms. In order to prevent future payments such as the one that has been discussed, the level of interaction between a firm and a single individual at the FDA must be reduced. By engaging companies with a team of stakeholders from the FDA, the possibility and the temptation to bribe all of them will be greatly reduced; as compared to a single individual integrating with a hopeful

How to use modern technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to use modern technology - Essay Example These young minds must therefore, be educated through events or activities on the benefits of modern technology. Consequently children equipped with knowledge on modern technology will provide a stable future for the country. Use of technology is central to the philosophy of developing a system equipped for the future and, to that end all children must have access to tools that form part of the fabric of their everyday lives. Technology is a tool, not a subject (Verma 78). Digital cameras have dramatically changed the way we take photographs. By suing cameras during the modern technology week fair children will be able to take photographs and later write projects and add pictures into them. In the process off this activity students get to know more about their community its surroundings and local people. In addition to this, they will also be gaining knowledge about modern technology as they handle the digital camera. In the event, a multicultural activity may be used to teach childr en about their community and also the use of modern technology. Multicultural education includes teaching children about their own culture and their ethnic heritage. It means exposing children to other diverse culture and helping them be comfortable with and respect all the ways in which people appear different to each other. This may be achieved by teaching the children how to relate to one another and how to play fairly. This encourages children to notice and think about fairness and challenges them to do something about the unfairness towards people they perceive in their world. Through activities like photography and use of other modern technological equipment children will get to intermingle with other people in society who come from different ethnic groups. This will help create a rapport as kids share the equipment and also put in efforts to attain set objectives of the modern technological event (Verma 78). Another activity in the modern technology fair includes the designin g of a community library. Emerging multi-ethnic populations in many communities and the increasingly urgently need for literacy and information technology skills call for a change in the design of library buildings(Verma 75).Libraries could become key communication centers, for mobile populations and their design will need to reflect the different levels and layers of entry or different temporal zones. Young people in this event get actively involved in the design of the service that would benefit hem in future. Through voicing their ideas by drawing or art or photography or in question and answer segment in the event, valuable information will be acquired of how to run a community library. Movies and short films may be aired in the event. During the event short films may be aired to be viewed by the children. Short films and movies offer the most visual and engaging learning tool for today’s children. This technology enhances the curriculum children are taught at school. On the spot, teachers can show video clips about almost any topic mainly those relating to the

Facilitating the Educational Approaches to Students with Special Needs Essay

Facilitating the Educational Approaches to Students with Special Needs - Essay Example Within the context of the classroom setting, the teacher is required to identify the most effective of the teaching strategies which may be deployed vis--vis the special needs students. Identification is done through either the problem solving or the special protocol approach (Teaching LD, 005). Ideally, the characteristics and needs of the students function as the primary determinant of the learning approach which will ultimately be selected. The problem-solving approach, as clarified in "Teaching LD"(2005) is comprised of four steps. These are problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and problem evaluation. The first step is an observational one, whereby the teacher is required to observe students classroom behavior for identification of problem areas. The second step focuses on the analysis of the identified problem for the purpose of identifying the factors which incite them and how these problems may be addressed. This second step, in other words, involves an in-depth exploration of the identified problem for the purposes of formulating a corrective plan. The third step entails the implementation of the individual student plans which were formulated in the previous step.

Business Skills for Proposals and Pitches Essay - 1

Business Skills for Proposals and Pitches - Essay Example In this context, people of the country have an immense demand for spa, relaxation as well as leisure pastimes. Thai Day spa will be set-up in the city owing to the fact that the available spa businesses are mostly based on beauty products. Additionally, the treatment procedures adopted in most of the spas in the city are based on western treatment style. Thai Day spa will provide beauty care and treatment services with traditional products, which will be obtained from Harnn Products Co. Ltd. Thai Day spa in the market segment of London will intend to make its presence felt with different natural products and traditional Thai treatment services in order to perform sustainably as well as to build a unique brand image. In this regard, the mission of the spa will provide a sense of well-being to our customers by quality services and natural products, and they want to return to experience again. The objectives of the spa are specific to its aim, as the spa with the assistance of the objectives will be able to develop a better customer base and brand image in the long run with differentiated products along with treatments. The people need leisure and relaxation services in order to minimise stress as well as work related pressures within a short span of time. The advantage of the spa is that it will focus on unique Thai herbal and holistic products and traditional healing philosophy based treatment services that are exclusive to the business and are not offered anywhere else in the region. These treatment facilities will be provided within a short time. Thai Day spa will provide massage as well as treatment therapies in a traditional manner practiced in Thailand. The ultimate concept of the spa will be to offer effective healing along with treatments based on holistic medicine along with Thai herbal. Correspondingly, the spa will provide different services that include Thai compress, Thai heritage massage and Thai

Electronic Voting Systems Essay Example for Free

Electronic Voting Systems Essay In the existing off–fine voting method to select a candidate in the election such as presidential election , the assembly election, or local election, electorates go to the designated polling places and have to be identified to cast their votes, and finally voters cast their ballot. Of course, voters should be in advance registered on a poll book. To do so, a significant amount of time and cost are consumed by voting and counting of votes. In the mean time, the most important security issue for on-line electronic voting using touch screen or internet is to guarantee the anonymity of voter and the confidentiality of vote content. An e-voting method using a touch screen which allows a voter to select a candidate or an option displayed on a screen has advantages in that a voter can cast his vote regardless of his assigned polling place, but in this case, a voter is still required to go to a polling booth to vote. As other e-voting method, a voter does not have to go to a polling place if he uses internet and vote is permitted to internet  user. But, internet-accessible terminals are always required to vote and a voter can cast a vote in the just limited place which he can access internet. Especially, private data like personal ID might be leaked in the course of accessing to the internet. This means that anonymity of electronically voting International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security over the internet is not satisfied. Also, confidentiality of voting might not be ensured if a candidate selection or a voting content is not encrypted. As to the e-voting status of the world, the United Kingdom has adopted the system using a touch screen for the local election and the remote voting using an internet in 2002. In April 2004. Now in a present system each and every section is given a electronic machine which stores the votes of the people how have voted for the particular candidate. C ontrol of present system is given to the in charge officer. He only check for the eligibility of the candidates and allow for the voting. Finally we collect all the voting machine at a place and go for counting. DIS ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM: After voting if any technical problems or damage occurs with the machines it may leads to the re election. The machine is not able to recognize the eligibility of a candidate, so the corrupted officers may misguide the people. The corrupted officers may increase the count of the voting. During transportation of the machines the in charge person can change the status of machines and even may destroy. This system is not a cost effective one. Since we need security, in charge officers, secured place for counting and election place. The person from any other region cannot vote in for a candidate of other region. The voting take place where the machine is located. PROPOSED SYSTEM: In our system we trying to keep counting of votes in to a remote secured system. In this system we are using a electronic circuit which enable the voter to vote and transfer this vote to the remote system by converting it to radio wave through the mobile towers. Our machine can check the eligibility of the candidate by itself, so there is no question of  corruption. Machine itself is automated to check the eligibility of the candidates. Here we need not to go for the re election even if the machine is damaged. A person even can vote from a mobile system and also from Internet. We can vote from any where even though being a voter of another region. 1. Radio waves representing scanned retina pattern and vote to Mobile tower. 2. Radio waves representing scanned retina pattern and vote to remote server. 3. Acknowledgement (+ve or –ve) from the server to mobile tower. 4. Acknowledgement (+ve or –ve) from mobile tower to Interface device. 5. Ready signal if retina is scanned properly to voting machine. And if –ve signal then alert alarm will be activated. 6. Accepted vote is made to flow to the interface device. DETAIL DIAGRAM OF THE VOTING MACHINE: The voting machine is actually a device which generates the different voltages for different votes these voltages are fed to the (ADC) which is then converted to digital bits then can be converted to radio waves. The detail diagram is overleaf. Block diagram of the Client Side Circuit Final Out put Antenna Eye Retina scanning: The eye retina machine be a simple web cam or device which can capture the images effectively .the captured image will be represented in the form of a matrix where each pixel represents 24-bit (RGB, 8+8+8 format) let us see and understand Here for e.g.: Here the matrix pattern of this type of picture may be as R G B R G B R G B [12 a1 15] [11 21 54] [25 f4 5c] [2d 1c 5A] [99 85 57] [2c fa b3] [1b b1 a2] [11 b1 ac] [50 b4 5F] [CA 1f 3c] [11 2c d4] [03 ca e5] Interface device This is an electronic kit which converts the input digital signals such as (retina pattern votes+ secure bits) to radio waves. Working of whole system Whenever voters enter to voting booth then he will be instructed to directly look at retina scanning machine at this time the machine scans the retina. once retina scanning properly confirmed then it sent signal to the voting machine as to accept the vote it will be powered on .then voter is made to vote. Now the whole data including the retina pattern is sent to interfacing device which convert into radio waves of mobile frequency range and these radio waves are sent to mobile tower and then to the remote server, where the authentication and voters identification is stored into a secured database. The received data is first converted into digital format from the radio waves through the interface device kept at the server side, and then retina pattern and vote separated. Next the retina pattern is matched against the existing database .If match is found then flag is check which indicates its voting status i.e. if the voter is not voted yet then +ve ack is send to the mobile tower and then to the corresponding voting machine. This ack is recognized by the receiver kept at the voter side and machine is  made to scan next retina pattern and vote, otherwise if –ve ack then alert alarm is made to ring. HURDLES IN THE PATH OF IMPLEMENTATION: There are several more issues that we have to consider along the Implementation such as Security Efficiency Geographical Problems Security The radio waves of a mobile frequency consist of Retina pattern and vote can be generated by means of external source. That’s why we need to provide some sot of security to avoid this problem. One of the idea to solve this problem is CDMA (which will be explained later ) and another technique is inserting security bits at regular interval of time during the transmission of radio waves (Ex.2 msec) .At the server side after the given interval (2 msec ) security bits are checked (ex 1001) . In case of positive confirmation we can accept as valid vote, other wise simply rejected. Another problem is that one may trap the radio waves in between and can determine the person and the vote; this may disclose the result of the election before the completion of the voting process. To avoid this problem we can go for applying the efficient and complex encryption algorithm so that the transparency of data can be hidden and the server side the encrypted data can be again decrypted and original data can retrieved this make the trapping of wave meaningless .The encryption algorithm can be termed as Key Complex Algorithm, which is as follows, First it finds the length of the string. Generate the random numbers equal to the length of the string. Add the corresponding Characters from the given string and random values. E.g. KSHITIJ Let this be the given words. Efficiency Whenever the data which is sent from the voter (client) side, it is in the large amount, this delays a bit a voting system and the data that is received at server side is in the multiple access mode i.e. more than one client is sending the data. To over come this problem the following 1. Applying compression Algorithms at the Client and server side so those to decrease the data transfer. Compression technique such as JPEG compression or any other Compression. 2. Instead of using single server PC we will go for distributed Operating system environment with multiple servers. This makes the job sharing and processing faster which leads to fast responds in case of Multiple Access Environment 3. To solve the concurrency problem in case of Multiple access environment we will use CDMA technique which is as follow Here the key values are orthogonal to each other i.e. k1*k2=0 and k1*k1=1 i.e. if any tries to decode the information with any other key the data will be vanished as the data will be in the form d1*k1.If you try to decode with  K2 then effect will be as d1*k1*k2=0. This will vanish the data. And if correct decoding key i.e k1 is used then decoding will be d1*k1*k1=d1. This decodes the data correctly. As per the controlling concurrency for multiple access the data from all the nodes is accepted as k1*d1+k2*d2 +k3*d3+k4*d4.In this case if you want the data corresponding to the second node then simply multiply the whole equation with the k2. This will give d2 as (k1*d1+K2*d2 +k3*d3+k4*d4)*K2=d2. So by this we can show that any numbers of nodes are allowed to send the data, the server will accept all the data and which ever has to be extracted will be just multiplied with corresponding key. This gets the corresponding data. Hence the concept of Multiple access. Geographical Problems This is the problem regarding the area where technical facilities like mobile tower or Internet service is not present. In this case will convert the vote and retina pattern into the electrical information and pass it through the electrical conductors until we can reach the area where the technical facilities like internet or mobile tower is available, and if only internet facility is available is then we can convert this electrical information to digital means and with these data using computers connected to internet we can pass the vote and retina pattern. Here the eye scanner will be web cam. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS: This project can be enhanced to work over the mobiles that is voting is made possible through the mobile through SMS. This machine can be made vote through the INTERNET. CONCLUSION: Thus this machine can be used for any level voting purpose. The machine provides high level of security, authentication, reliability, and corruption -free mechanism. By this we can get result with in minute after a completion of voting. Minimum manpower Utilization, hence mechanism is error free. REFERENCES Boylestead â€Å"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory† 10/e Pearson Education, June 2012 Herbert Taub and Donald Schilling â€Å"Digital Integrated Electronics† McGraw-Hill Internatinoal Editions, 01-Jan-1977 B. Var Acker. Remote e-voting and coercion: a risk-assessment model and solutions. In the International Workshop on Electronic Voting in Europe, 2004. T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A.D. Rubin, and D.S. Wallach. Analysis of an electronic voting system, 2004. IEEE Std.802.15.IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems

Agora A Bangladeshi: Largest Super Store

Agora A Bangladeshi: Largest Super Store 1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The MBA program is designed to focus on theoretical and professional development of people open to take up business as a profession as well as service as a career. The course is designed with an excellent combination of theoretical and practical aspects. This assignment provides us to link up their theoretical knowledge into practical fields. In this connection, I was assigned to AGORA Super store Ltd., department for my practical orientation. Students are required to prepare an assignment under the guidance of supervising teachers on a selected subject matter to highlighting his experience and to conduct an in depth analysis on the subject matter. I have tried my level best to present my experience of the practical orientation in this assignment. 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT To present an overview of Agora Super store. To appraise the Agora Super store Innovations and how store try to adjust with the Innovations. To identify problems store faces before the innovation. To suggest suggestions for the development of Store after the innovation. 1.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The scope of this assignment is limited to the overall description of the company, its services, and its position in the industry and its marketing strategies. The scope of the study is limited to organizational setup, functions, and performances. (II) PRIMARY DATA WERE COLLECTED The primary data had been collected in various ways. The different sources were: Companys Website. By the companys HR division. Observing various organizational procedures. (III) SECONDARY DATA WERE COLLECTED From prior research report from the organization From different books and periodicals related to the store. From Newspapers and Internet. 1.3 LIMITATIONS Large-scale research was not possible due to time constraints. Relevant data and document collection were difficult due to the organization confidentiality. Non-availability of data in a systematic way. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This whole report is a detailed study on a Super Store and how this store adopt with the technology, where Bangladeshi Super store called Agora has been chosen as a subject matter. However, this report only concentrates on the Bangladeshi branches. This report will be divided into a few parts and commences with an introduction. An introduction of the Store and the organization will give a brief picture of the analysis. The next part will be important work on academic literature which will help in better understanding of the whole cycle which includes triggers of Innovation, managing change, impact on organization, resistance of Innovations, how to overcome to resistance Innovation and management process. The next chapter will be on organizational analysis where all the information in academic literature will be related to the organization. There will be a thorough discussion on Technology introduced, steps taken by the management to deal with the resistance to Technology, evaluation of the Technology implemented as well as benefits and losses of the Technology. Further studies show the methods used (such as feedback forms for customers) to gather information to support the analysis in different ways. At the end of this assignment, there will be conclusions and recommendations for Agora superstore which can be done to improve the organization in respect to the current Innovation process. INTRODUCTION The technology that was selected by the concerned organization has led to innovation. Technology is the application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to the changing and manipulating the human environment. On the other hand, Innovation is a breakthrough approach or idea that can be completely new or idea that can be completely new or an enhancement to something that already exists, it is a refreshing perspective that will challenge many who just cannot see beyond what their own experience is telling them to think or do. (Stephen w. brian, GPE, IBM, Asia pacific, Elearn (2005, pp.2-3) refers to Innovation Management as periods of upheaval when radical action is required if the organization is to survive and prosper. As with any forms of Innovations, it is about moving from the current state to some desired future state. One of the prime change in our lifetime is the consistent and increasingly application of information managing technology. Managing technology is the continuous process which deals with technology replacing traditional private offices with the aid of technology. (Henry, J., Matle, D, 2003, p-266) Managing innovation is a step by step approach which deals with Innovation both from organization point of view and the individuals who are going to be affected by Innovation. Innovation is an important process for survival in this world. Before bringing any Innovations, it is important to know the causes of Innovations, reactions to Innovations and risks due to Innovations. The formal quantitative research process should not begin until the problem has been clearly defined. (Zikmund, 2000, p.115). The Super Store in the Bangladesh has been growing immensely year by year. Goods in Product vary from Store and area wise. However, many Stores had to be closed down due to the economic downturn that hit the world recently. There are many rules and regulation nowadays set by the government in Bangladesh to become the Superstore owner more responsible. The Largest Bangladeshi Superstore was founded by Mr. M. Hasan Ali. Agora is a Multi Super store that serves every necessary product for the people in Central city in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The first branch was opened a couple of years ago in central City Of Dhaka but now their branch is expanded the other entire metro city in Bangladesh. The main objective of the Super store is to provide high quality of products at a comparative price to the customer. The key success of the organization is that the management monitors the day to day operation which helps Agora to decide what, when and how Innovations can be introduced in order to provide better quality in all areas from time to time. Agora has crossed milestones, set records and redefined the dine-in experience ever since it started. Types of Innovation: Products and services innovation applied to products or services or market related activities. Operational- Innovation that improves the effectiveness and efficiency of core processes and functions. Business model- innovation that fundamentally. Business model- Innovation that fundamentally transforms the way a business works or drives revenue. How to be an Innovative Organization: Create a Strategic Vision. Establish innovation as a priority. Create organizational structures that promote collaboration Establish processes to convert ideas to Innovations Allocate the resources Train workforce on Creativity Tools Measure and Communicate results Recognize Creative behavior Reward Innovative results. ACADEMIC LITERATURE In Todays world to be a leader in industry you have to be innovative. Companies must be able to look forward at the strategy and know how to bring products to market faster than their competitors. Innovation is the key. Its not just for the technology, its for the business strategies as well (Handy, 1999, p.181) indeed, the way things are carried out and coordinated is essential to determine the success and failure of an organization. When organizations do not seem to be profitable, Innovations are introduced in order to have better outcomes. These Innovations might have been triggered from the outside or within the organization. Tidd et. al (2005, p.205) mentioned that external factors whether threats or opportunities have to be communicated to organizations in order to be innovative and have longevity. Customers seem to have greater effect on businesses as they are the ones who have the purchasing power. Requirements and tastes in customers selections Innovation from time to time in which organizations have to adapt to keep existing in the market. Competitors could be another factor which triggers Innovations. In Retail industry especially, customers have various selections of product and failure to follow their expectations will make the organizations lose out to other competitors. Setting up a business means it has to compete with existing competitors as well as potential competitors. Competitors are usually hungry for innovation and different strategies are used in order to be the market leader. Meanwhile, technology is another drive for Innovation that most organizations are now trying to adapt since it is the key to the new business era. Though technology tends to be obsolete very quickly, it is the fundamental factor of every business nowadays. Technology could speed up processes and work can be done more efficiently. However there are some factors to consider which makes a organization to technology oriented. The factor are given discussed bellow. Determined to new ways of operation: Its a difficult transition for the organization to replace the traditional working activities to technology concerned. So there should have some adjustments in terms of organizational cultures, the ways in which employees are working, performance measurement and rewards. Is the organization informational rather than industrial: This distinction refers to a management philosophy and style rather than to an economic sector or customer base. Here industrial context means the organizational structure and management processes are done through face-to-face incentives and employees remain specific workplaces. On the other hand informational means the activities are done through voice and communications. Open Culture and Proactive Managers: In this case the organizations have to be dynamic hierarchical, technologically advanced rather than a highly structured , command driven.. Also the managers have to be multifunctional , promoting and supporting a virtual-office initiative right from the start. Clear links between staffs, functions and time: Technology related organizations also do not depend on the specific locations or types of facilities. Here the concept of the parameters of the are important, such as whether the work executed over the phone, in person, via computer, or all of the above. How much time does the employee need to spend in direct contact with other employees , customers and business contacts? If a critical mass of corporate functions cannot work in an alternative work environment , the potential benefits may be too marginal relative to the required investment and effort. Proper tools, training, and techniques: To improve the technological oriented organization , all who are involved must be armed with a full set of tools, relevant training and appropriate, flexible administrative support.(Henry, J., Matle, D, 2003, p-268-270) Government plays an important role in bringing about Innovations as well. Different countries have different rules and regulations that companies need to abide to. Business policies are introduced by the government as to protect consumers and the country too. Nonetheless, these triggers are also accompanied by internal factors which have made organizations Innovation their ways in conducting business. Employees are the drivers of firms who will run the business. Employers have to make sure they are motivated and keep improving themselves for better productivity. When quality and standard of performance are degrading, management needs to find out the cause of it. Managing Change: Managing change refers to continuous improvements (CIPs) and creativity to improve both products and processes. The aim is precisely to design and implement a system whose natural equilibrium is constant and change. (Henry, J., Matle, D, 2003, p-230) Competitiveness and managing change: A clear demonstration pf how one understands the relationship between competition and strategic change, becomes imperative when the literature on management is considered. Any study of the nature of the nature of competition and managing strategic change is obliged therefore to do two things at the outset: first lay out the major approaches to these issues , and second make clear understanding competition and change.(Pettigrew, A., Whipp, R., 1993) Management Processes Organisations need to check from time to time if they are in line with their objectives. Once visions and objectives have been developed, management team will be able to take actions to move towards them. These can be answered by going through Innovation management. Ettlie (2006, p.97) refers to strategy making as the process of matching an organisations internal resources with environmental opportunities and risks to accomplish goals. Strategic management has three main stages; strategic analysis, strategic choice and strategic implementation (Johnson et al., 2008, p.12). Managers have to handle strategies in various situations as to meet corporate objectives. Strategic analysis could involve SWOT analysis and PEST analysis to assess the options for Innovation. (Source: Johnson el.al.) Figure 1: Strategic value Lynch (2006, p.450) describes SWOT Analysis as the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses present internally in an organisation coupled with the opportunities and threats faced by the organisation externally. Once the internal and external audits have been analysed, the next step will be strategic choice to identify the various options, evaluate them and selecting the best that fits with their desired goal. The best option will be implemented and a proper Innovation implementation needs to be planned for. According to Cook et al. (2004, p.58), managing Innovation can be described as consisting of four stages; set up, kick off, delivery and review. The stages come sequentially. Firstly, it is the set up, which entails letting people know about the Innovations that will be made and motivate them, looking out for the unexpected and assessing the state of the organisation in respect to their readiness to Innovation. Then, the kick off is the final preparation by putting everything in place which might require a project manager and good channels of communication. The delivery involves ensuring people responsible to carry out tasks. The final stage is the review by checking the feedback on how Innovation is affecting all parties involved and if it is yielding the desired results. According to Elearn (p.95), for Innovation management to be successful, management can conduct various strategies such as democratic, collaboration, participation, direction and coercion. Focus On People: Traits of an innovative Leader: Create an external focus: -define success in market items Be a clear thinker: simplify the strategy into specific actions, make decisions and communicate priorities. Have imagination and courage: takes risk on people and ideas Energize teams through inclusiveness: Connect with people, build both loyalty and commitment. Develop expertise in a function or domain: use depth as a source of confident to drive change. 3.2 Impacts of Innovations It is crucial to know how they handle failure (Coburn, 2006, p.179) Organizational Innovations are not easy to implement. Management needs to foresee outcomes of Innovations. Assessment needs to be done in order to find out whether the whole objective has been achieved and how Innovations affect the value chain of an organization. The activities within and around the organization are known as the value chain process. (Porter, 1995) (Source: http://www.learnmarketing.net/valuechain.htm) Figure 2: Value Chain of an Organization Hayes (2002, p.148) mentioned that people go through personal transition when Innovations are brought into organizations as Innovations are the beginning of something else. Reactions received from employees and customers might vary greatly. In short, everyone involved in the Innovation process is affected by the Innovations made by organizations. When one alternative is given up for another valuable alternative, it is called opportunity cost (Dibb et.al, 2006, p.395). The value of benefits offered is measured in monetary and non monetary form. Early judgment is made by management to choose the best option. Nevertheless, Innovations were never made if they were not for organizations better future. When a product or service meets customers needs, it happens to be a quality one. A quality product relates with employees good performance and improvement in reputation which will result in increased profits (Heizer and Render, 2004, p.190). These could only be achieved if management has a strategy in managing Innovations. Customers and employees feedbacks can be taken as a part of evaluation process. Whether it is beneficial or otherwise, management has to look at the bigger picture to determine the success or failure of Innovations imposed. Tidd et.al (2005, p.96) stated that a failed Innovation process could be a useful information for the next Innovation being enforced. Resistance to Innovations Human normally resist Innovations simply because they see it as a threat to their normal or familiar system of work, financial position, patterns of status and fairness of their security. Generally, the main reasons for resistance are as follows:- Economic Fears People are always concerned with any Innovations made by management because it could affect their income and their job security. But most importantly, they fear that either directly or indirectly, Innovation may affect their pay or rewards or they may undertake more responsibility for the same pay. For example, new shift system introduced by management may require employees to work extra hours without any payment adjustment. Inconvenience or Loss of Freedom According to Mullins (2002, p.823), if the Innovation is seen as a likely to prove inconvenient, make life more difficult, reduce freedom of action or result in increased control, these will be resistance people usually see Innovation, that it, would make life very difficult. Uncertainty People are not certain as to whether Innovation will be in their favor and most likely see it as having a negative impact. On promotion for instance, people may resist the uncertainty that whether such Innovation or promotion may demand more responsibility, which may affect their social life. Organizational Resistance If an organization has been adapted to their environment in which they operate, the whole value chain is already familiar to the organizations structure and policies. The organization as a whole can resist any Innovation which might affect the organization culture which the company has developed. Overcoming Resistance to Innovations Though, it is difficult to overcome resistance to Innovations, it is crucial to analyze the potential impacts on those whose jobs are affected. It is also important to involve those concerned in the Innovation process, so that they can contribute and make suggestions. This will result in reducing employees current fear. There must be a clear communication between employers and employees about Innovations implemented, either through written documents or a face-to-face communication with the workers. According to Pettinger (1996, p.502), resistance to Innovation can be lessened if: i participants see Innovations as reducing rather than increasing their workload. ii new wages of working accrued with prevailing attitudes values and beliefs. iii new ways of working are seen as benefits and not threats. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS AGORA however has been experiencing a few Innovations throughout their business years which are caused by several different factors, internally and externally. Their major trigger of Innovations introduced was because of the poor performance of sales made by AGORA recently. This has lead to bad reputation and image of the Store amongst its customers as well as potential customers. AGORA also wants to maintain the quality of Fresh Department that they provide so that they meet customers expectations. However, maintenance costs are quite high as all ingredients and sauces are brought all the way from different area in Bangladesh to maintain its quality. Workers in AGORA seemed to be de-motivated and disinterested in doing their jobs. Complaints had been received from customers for these workers were very slow in taking orders and even to serve Customer. As most of the employee are part- time, they lack of culinary skills and experience in serving customers. There was a poor coordination between communication Skills and Customer service experience. However, the major external trigger of Innovations was the customers of AGORA. The number of international customers was growing significantly. Numerous feedbacks have been received from customers who mainly complained about the service provided by AGORAs workers. They took ages to serve the customers. The poor performance of employees has irritated many customers who then preferred to go to AGORAs competitors. The existing competition has made AGORA to introduce Innovations to cope with the market. There was a room for technological advancement as AGORA faced a problem with time. Introducing new technology could increase the Customer orders accuracy and reduce customer complaints. AGORA had wanted to create a competitive advantage from the technological aspect. There was also a pressure from government in terms of rules and regulations of having part-time workers. Since workers of AGORA are all home and mostly student, they need to abide by law enforced. School leaving have been a real concern of the business because of the tougher regulations in place. Management Processes Strategic Analysis AGORA has developed objectives, which is an essential step for the organization about where the management team wants to be in the future. AGORA wants to increase customers and employees satisfaction, have a quality and productive workforce, improve operational efficiency, maximize the use of technology as well as have a financial success. AGORA had to analyze its internal and external environment, by using PEST and SWOT analysis. They had to start their analysis from within which began with their staff. Problems were identified after an analysis has been which were mentioned earlier in the Triggers of Innovations chapter. Strategic Choices AGORA is not the only Central City in Bangladesh its expand their business all over the Bangladesh thats why many competitors are in the market. Competitors grow like Family needs and on top of all that; AGORA has to compete with other types of superstore. Thus, AGORA had to provide customers with products or services that are perceived higher value or quality than those offered by rivals. In order to increase customers satisfaction, AGORA had asked for customers feedback as to improve their performance. Since most of them were not satisfied with the service offered and the decreasing quality of the product offered, AGORA found a few options to improve their performance. They could train their staff to perform better, bring more professional Staff from other departmental Store. Technology was an idea, introduced to the organization as a part of improving performance. Since there were always miscommunications between customers and employees as well as amongst employees themselves, a new technology called Palmtop seemed to be a good investment. It is a small machine which will pass orders keyed in by customer on online and send it to the customer service department as soon as possible. This however, requires knowledge in handling this Technology. When it came to handling employees, managers of AGORA had to brainstorm on effective means of improving workers performance. Some managers from different countries were brought to the Bangladesh as to help out the management. Options such as training and development, knowledge management and salary increased were considered. AGORA wanted to recruit an IT expert who can handle all kind of IT issues and gives training regarding technology.. Since the Bangladesh government has tightened its rules in employing Student workers, AGORA had to deal with this professionally. AGORA could either train Full time employees to serve the customer and handling the other related service. The process of acquiring foreign manager seemed easy but maintenance cost would be high. The latter would be time consuming, but provide better quality. Strategic Implementation and Innovations Adopted After evaluating strategic options, the management of AGORA had decided to make Innovations in their existing operational system. Management had a meeting with employees and informed them the Innovations that were going to be adopted. Though the company is keen in cost cutting, it does not want to compromise in terms of quality. Operating costs were also cut by reducing the break time of workers which would lead to reducing of wages. Meanwhile, the Innovation leadership team had made a survey with IT firms. After conducting a cost benefit analysis, AGORA had agreed with an IT firm to acquire the new technology by buying Palmtops and printers. Staff had been trained to improve customer service and standard. A training manual has been given to each employee. Employees were also trained on how to use those Palmtops confidently. The Innovation team had decided to internally motivate the staff instead of recruiting new staff. AGORA also started to deal with the government properly by going through a complete process of acquiring full time workers for the different positions. Once AGORA had adopted the Innovations, questions of continuous progression were raised by management. Management wanted to maintain the benefit of Innovations in an equilibrium position. Monthly meetings with employees were arranged and twice a year, AGORA would conduct a big meeting with managers. Resistance to Innovations and Overcoming Them Through a thorough investigation the management found a few drawbacks faced by AGORA. Product of AGORA opposed the idea of other store because now AGORA is trying to produce their own product as of their own brand name which will be the different than the other competitors in the market. Existing employee felt unsecured about their job since the introduction of new technology. They thought management would reduce the number of workers because of the Palmtop acquirement. Meanwhile, some others were afraid of being replaced for not knowing how to handle the machine. Management made a crucial move by giving adequate training in technology to all staff and delivery was monitored for every customer. The challenging part of the Innovation was to train the part-timers. They did not think it as beneficial to them since the training did not ensure an increase in salary and they did not plan to stay longer in the field. AGORA managers then decided to give certificates for the training program and it actually attracted more students to join the organization. BENEFITS TO THE ORGANIZATIONS There were a few opportunity costs involved as AGORA was trying to cut down the maintenance and operating costs. Nonetheless, this is to provide higher profits for AGORA in the future. It is evident that sales curve has been moving upwards since these Innovations were adopted. Financial performance has shown an increase for both branches of AGORA. Although there were negative feedbacks from employees, their standard in serving customers were also improving by miles. The length of time from ordering to serving foods was cut by half of time because of the new technology employed. Employees were seen more serious and motivated in doing their work too. Since customers are the greatest assets of AGORA, they are the ones who get the most benefits. They receive better service, higher quality of food, and unforgettable experience from AGORA. Despite the lower operating costs, quality of food seems to be improving. Customers believe that AGORA has really improved its operation. AGORA now has more customers than it did months ago. Financially, AGORA has becoming more profitable and an enjoyable place to eat at. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is no secret that AGORA has seen great improvement after Innovations have been introduced. It has been a long process since the realization for Innovation occurred until now, when some of the Innovations have been implemented. Today some of the Innovations have been adopted, and the problems and struggles seen when Technology was brought about have been perceived. Evidently, AGORA has experienced major benefits from Technology that was implemented. It has been noticed by management and staff at AGORA that Technology is necessary, and even though it presents difficulties, and involves people to get out of the comfort zone, in the end if managed appropriately, Innovation brings positive outcomes. Nevertheless, Innovation should be an ongoing process in any organization, and it should be like that for AGORA as well. Even when some of the Innovations are fully implemented and adopted, management of the organization needs to remain focused on constantly finding new triggers for Innovation so that the organization remains in constant evolution. Therefore, below are recommendations made for AGORA: A timeline should be set until all identified Innovations are adopted. It is important to realize that not all the Innovations have the same priority, and not all of the Innovations need to be implemented at the same time. The timeline should be broad and well planned and Innovations are prioritized. A very thorough cost analysis should be done on new Innovations that are to be implemented. AGORA should be very careful not to have higher opportunity costs than the benefits that any Innovation may bring. Whenever there are options, the potential benefits of an option should be quantified, and then compared against the implementation costs. If the implementation costs are higher than the benefits, such option should not be considered. AGORA should take advantage of the Bangladeshi fair trade as for the ingredients needed. This would stem the tide of AGORAs spending and reduce operational costs. AGORA should also start a deliberate policy of training and re-training their human resource personnel. AGORA should motivate their staff through better remuneration and emoluments; this is to make them give their best to AGORA. The use of technology should be perfected to help the operation of AGORA from the waiters to the chefs in the kitchen. There should be a synergy between them. Finally, communication needs to remain an important trigger for Innovation. It is at the center of evolution in any organization, as this is what helps identify areas of weakness or areas where Innovations may be implemented. In addition,

Issues in Age and Entering the Workforce

Issues in Age and Entering the Workforce Problems Confronted by Mature Workers Re-entering the Workforce and Young Adult Workers Looking to Enter the Workforce after College Brandi Thomas-Scott Post University Problems confronted by mature workers re-entering the workforce and young adult workers looking to enter the workforce after college Whether just starting out in the workforce or returning to the workforce after being retired, finding a job in today’s market comes with some challenges. In todays economy it is difficult to find individuals who are not struggling to find employment or sustain the position they currently hold (Brown, 2012). The recession and massive layoffs have more than just hit the lower and middle class workers; an abundance of educated professionals and experienced retired professional are struggling to find stable employment (Brown, 2012). This paper will discuss why mature retired workers returning to the workforce and young recent college graduates are struggling to find employment, and why social standing and a post-secondary education does not always count when it comes to job security. The effects of a recession and a poor job market can be felt by the most experienced professionals, as well as by recent college graduates looking for opportunities to enter the workforce (Brown, 2012 ). Regardless of the motivation behind each of these groups search for gainful employment, they face various forms of resistance while trying to find and secure employment. Retirees Returning To the Workforce Since our country’s economic breakdown, there have not been enough jobs created for our population of workers, and even fewer positions are available for those of advanced age (Brown, 2012). Demographic and current trends suggest that the U.S. will be witnessing mature workers dynamically involved in the workforce, either due to financial need or their preference and ability to do so (Heidkamp Heldrich, 2012). In fact retirement is beginning to no longer be a permanent event. Older individuals departing from the labor force is becoming more gradual, and countless workers are changing jobs before actually leaving the workforce completely, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Brandon, 2011). Many of these workers do not see themselves as older workers, while unfortunately society believes differently and this is where a majority of the problems faced by older workers begin (Brown, 2012). Many mature workers need assistance navigating a complicated labor market, identify ing available career opportunities, and determining their education and training needs in order to improve their chance of employability and impact to the workplace (Heidkamp Heldrich, 2012). Many factors cause mature workers to re-enter the workforce, such as dis-satisfaction with retirement life, inadequate retirement savings, and aspiration to improve their quality of life (Brown, 2012). According to Pew Charitable Trusts (2012) , regardless of these reasons many mature workers are subjected to prolonged periods of unemployment, which makes it challenging for them to become reemployed (Heidkamp Heldrich, 2012). Recent studies have also mirrored this sentiment and have reported findings that affirm that barely half of mature workers who lost their jobs and were actively seeking employment were successful (Li, 2010). Many employers are reluctant to hire mature workers due to their negative perceptions, which include the following: Mature workers are expensive to employ due to their wages, health insurance cost, and the cost associated with to training. Mature workers are less productive due to their age and produce lower quality work. Mature workers are unable to adapt to change at work (Walker, 2007). Due to this type of thinking many mature workers are facing increased occurrences of age discrimination both before they are hired and while they are employed (Heidkamp Heldrich, 2012). Even though the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects mature workers from age based employment discrimination, and pertains to both employees and job applicants; age discrimination claims still accounts for approximately one-quarter of the complaints filed with the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (EEOC) (Heidkamp Heldrich, 2012). According to a survey conducted by AARP, â€Å"one-third to one-half of baby boomers had experienced age bias in a job search† (Heidkamp Heldrich, 2012). As a result of the misconceptions and challenges facing mature workers, one of the first tasks that career counselors must do is assist their client in â€Å"identifying and [eliminating] some of their own beliefs about themselves;† in order to counter any negative thoughts that were created by their discriminatory experiences (Brown, 2012, p 136). Counselors need to help them come to terms with the following facts: As people age their personalities do tend to become fixed, but flexibility in your youth usually tends to continue on as you age. Mature workers are just as productive as younger workers, and at time even more productive. Being overqualified for a position is very likely for mature worker and may cause angst, but depending on the reason they are working (ie. to supplement their existing income), it may not be an issue because the job may allow them to have a flexible schedule. Regardless of the age of a supervisor their characteristics are the only things that determine their relationship with employees. Mature workers learn just as well as younger workers. A decline in strength is not a direct result of old age, but lack of exercise. Although a decline in sight and hearing is a part of the aging process, many advancements in device technology that aide these areas make these concerns no longer an issue (Brown, 2012). Even though finding employment at a mature age can be challenging, it is not altogether impossible. It takes the development of new skills, such as interviewing techniques, but mature workers may also require additional education and/or training that will help improve their employability in the workforce (Brown, 2012). Young Recent College Graduates We like to believe that a young adult as prepared to launch easily into the workforce and their careers, but the reality is that this transition in today’s economy is fraught with many difficulties (Brown, 2012). Young workers of today are no longer given the opportunity of job security; employment instability seems to be the new reality in our society (Kahn, 2010). Regardless of the extensive misperceptions by employers that young workers lack a work ethic, unlike mature workers, the truth is that many young workers in today’s economy are forceed to work several jobs and work longer hours in order to afford the rising cost of basic living expenses (Draut, 2006). One of the main factors affecting recent young graduates entering the workforce is that they are coming out of school lacking workplace skills, which causes employers to be apprehensive about hiring recent graduates (Draut, 2006). Many employers believe that these young men and women are ill prepared for the workforce, and the societal shift in workforce values has employers expecting young applicants to come equipped with a fundamental set of basic understandings and the aptitude to apply their skills in their new place of work (Draut, 2006). These set of skills and understandings, also known as experience, is what is hindering this population from being hired. Employers have asserted their belief that recent grads lack professionalism and/or work ethic (Kahn, 2010). The data being circulated are showing that many recent grads today are having trouble keep up in the workplace, if they are even lucky enough to find employment (Grasgreen 2014). Employers surveyed consider recent gradu ates lack of readiness to be their most important issue that is keep them from being hired, 62 percent also believe that unprepared for the workforce can damage the â€Å"day-to-day productivity of their businesses† (Pianin, 2014). Many recent graduates are finding it difficult to secure an employment, and those that are fortunate to find employment are often finding themselves underemployed and restricted to low-wage positions (Abel, Deitz, Su, 2014). These facts have begins to make graduates questions if their college degree is even worth anything anymore (Abel, Deitz, Su, 2014). According to the Gallup Daily Tracking Poll (Gallup. 2010a) â€Å"nearly one-fifth of employed [graduates] are underemployed† and not using any of the skills they have obtained from their post-secondary education (Brown, 2012, p 292). Overall many of the issue facing young recent college graduates revolve around their lack of experience, preparedness, skills, and training (Pianin, 2014). According to an analysis done by Time, many employers are not motivated to hire recent grads due to their inability to navigate the office setting, and their lack of communication and interpersonal skills (Pianin, 2014). Recent grads just seem to unprepared for corporate culture and lack the experience to be effective employees, but these belief either true or a misconception is causing jobs to go unfilled and applicants forced to take what is available to them regardless of their educational background (Kahn, 2010). Many young recent graduates believe that these misconceptions are causing them to be looked over for employment, and in actuality they believed that they are being due to their age (Amour, 2003). It is the job of career counselors to assist young applicants in overcoming these misconceptions through employability trai ning, internships, and occupational information that will help prepare them for what the workforce have become in a difficult economy (Brown, 2012). Conclusion Mature and young applicants face various misconceptions that are hindering their ability to secure gainful employment (Brown, 2012). Form the mature workers being categorized as over qualified, inflexible, less productive, and medically unreliable (Brown, 2012). While young workers are seen as being unprepared, lacking communication and interpersonal skills, lacking experience, and a solid work ethic (Draut, 2006). Both of these populations are believe to be unprepared for how the corporate culture works leaving both populations either unemployed or underemployed in today’s economy (Brown, 2012). Both groups are also experiencing instances of discrimination due to their mature age or their lack of maturity/experience, and both are believe to lack the skills necessary to be valuable employees regardless of their educational background, experience, or lack of experience (Amour, 2003). Employers and researchers seem to believe that there are individual out there that are in the m iddle of these two extremes that can fill these positions, yet positions are going unfilled (Abel, Deitz, Su, 2014). This is where employee development and organizational development can be utilized to help both of these groups transform from a so-so employee to a skilled a valuable employee who helps increase organization growth (Brown, 2012. References Abel, J. R., Dietz, R., Su, Y. (2014). Are recent college graduates finding good jobs? Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 20(1). Retrieved from: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci20-1.pdf Amour, S. (2003). Young workers say their age holds them back. USA Today. Retrieved from: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/workplace/2003-10-07-reverseage_x.htm Brandon, E. (2011). Why your retirement may not be permanent: Consider these increasingly popular alternative paths to retirement. U.S.News. Retrieved from: http://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/articles/2011/08/22/why-your-retirement-may-not-be-permanent Brown, D. (2012). Career information, career counseling, and career development (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education, Inc. Draut, T. (2006). Strapped: Why America’s 20- and 30-somethings can’t get ahead. New York, NY. Doubleday Publishing. Grasgreen, A. (2014). Ready or not: Are college graduates prepared for the workforce? Only university administrators seem to think so. Slate.com. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2014/02/gallup_higher_education_poll_college_graduates_aren_t_prepared_for_the_workforce.html Heidkamp, M. Heldrich, J, (2012). Older workers, rising skill requirements, and the need for a re-envisioning of the public workforce system. CAEL Publishing. Retrieved from: http://www.cael.org/pdfs/TMT_Reenvision_Public_Workforce_System Kahn, Lisa B. (April 2010). The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy. Labour Economics, 17(2): p 303-16 Li, X. (2010). Extending the working lives of older workers: The impact of social security policies and labor market (Doctoral Dissertation). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Retrieved from: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/rgs_dissertations/2010/RAND_RGSD265.pdf Pianin, E. (2014). The surprising reason college grads can’t get a job. CNBC. Retrieved from: http://www.cnbc.com/id/101373230 Walker, D. M. (2007). Older workers: Some best practices and strategies for engaging and retaining older workers (GAO-07-433T). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07433t.pdf

Between Utopias Essay -- Literary Analysis, Thomas More

Although comparing one society to another does not require them to be different in government or human behavior, it does necessarily weight one’s faults against its victories to render it better or worse than the other. This comparative structure, found between Thomas More’s two books of Utopia, poses the country of Utopia opposite the broader communities of world civilization. Despite the comparison of Utopia as distinct from and morally better than widespread society, in truth Utopia is, at best, an extension. The sloth of governments abroad have led Utopians to pursue lives of group work rather than personal property. In Book I, Hythloday confronts the wealthy as "rapacious, wicked, and useless, while the poor are unassuming, modest men who work hard" (36). The duality of the claim of wealth versus work makes them appear dichotomous, not to mention cruel, and results in the desire of the Utopians to be free of not only "private property," but of laziness. Thus they partake of group labor, but wherein "every person learns a second trade, besides agriculture" (45). This appears fair and useful, especially when coupled with how "Utopians do not work very long hours, for to "exhaust himself with endless toil" is "such wretchedness, really worse than slavery" (45). Yet In Book I, Hythloday makes a positive example of the Persian Polylerites, whom, "apart from their constant work, they undergo no discomfort in living" (23). This contradiction of values is met with another: their own enslavemen t of others. Though the struggles of the poor amid the wealth of leadership motivate the Utopians to abolish money, it is not to the effect of equality. Hythloday is critical of "a solitary ruler who enjoys a life of pleasure...while all abou... ...uble with working for princes in the common world of government: "You must openly approve of the worst proposals, and consent to the most vicious policies" (35). In Utopia, while opposing the openness of the plans, do in subtle, frightful subjugations control their people in a remote society. While the character of More often argues with Hythloday in Book I for his opposition to wealth and government, by the end of Book II his primary concern is the same, glossing mindset of the loss of beautiful possessions and rule with their "splendor and majesty" (97). Although this position is deliberately focused on the monetary absence in Utopia, his listing of their observances shows acknowledgement; and while Utopia would itself never acknowledge its nearly Spartan oligarchy, between Books I and II it is clear that through comparison, its digression is anything but ideal.

Farenheit 451 as a Warning :: Farenheit 451 Essays

Farenheit 451 as a Warning What are the rights of a government? Does the government have the right to control what we think and where we get our intellectual stimulation? After the Constitution of the United States was drafted, a Bill of Rights containing ten articles was adopted and ratified by the thirteen states. In the first article, it guaranteed the people the freedom of religion, speech, the press, and public assembly. People were given the right to enrich themselves with knowledge accumulated through their readings from whatever source they chose and to make criticism towards the government as they saw fit. Because of the liberty given to its people, it is no wonder that the United States government is considered a model government in the world today. Any sound government would allow its people to make their own free judgement according to their knowledge from any sources they may gather. Ray Bradbury's vision of a disordered world was expressed in his book Fahrenheit 451. Set in the future, it deals with a man's struggle between his destructive government position and his inner self-conscience. Guy Montag was a fireman but he did not put out fires. Instead, he created them through the burning of books. This was what Bradbury was trying to imply through the title of his book, Fahrenheit 451, the temperature at which books burn. Montag was leading a fairly happy life until he met a girl, Clarisse, who aroused his deepest feelings and fears. He became curious about the contents of books and wondered why they were so feared. This led him through a series of events which changed his life forever. When Montag asked Beatty about the burning of books he was told, "If you don't want a man to be unhappy politically, don't give him two sides to a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none." The futurist government displayed in Fahrenheit 45 1 tried to prevent any feelings or opinions contrary to their own because they did not want to be challenged. Instead, they fed unwanted junk into the minds of their people through the parlor, a wall to wall television. This machine, that does not inspire the thinking process, lead them to make the conclusion that their world revolves around it and nothing else.

The Game (Football Personal Experience Paper) :: essays research papers

The Game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The game had been a strenuous battle from the very second that the whistle blew. In every play each one of us had put forth all of the effort and energy that we contained. Now, with only seconds left remaining in the forth quarter we trailed 14 to 17. Yet, hope still remained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a fumble recovery, my team was awarded the ball at the 50 yard line. The time left on the clock allowed us for one more play to win the game. Looking around at the players in the huddle not only did I see the fatigue that resulted from the game but I also saw that each one of them had determination to win. I called out the play and sent my fellow warriors to give it one last shot. As we approached the line of scrimmage the crowd grew deafening. They had cheered us on throughout the frigid temperatures of the night and now that the game was nearing an end they revealed to us that they too still had faith. Staring down our opponents, we lined up in our stances. Like dragons smoke, each breath taken would be revealed in the numbing cold. The clock had already restarted and began counting down to zero. As I prepared myself to receive the ball from the center the crowd became dead silent. Knowing that time ran short I began my cadence. â€Å"EVEN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦READY-SET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.HUT.† As the ball snapped into my hands, the crowd exploded with all the players as if they were connected by some unnatural force. I flew back into my pass drop and looked to my receivers. The opponent covering the receiver to my left prevented any hope of him getting open. Then, as I looked to my right, I saw that my other receiver broke free of the defensive man and was heading down the field. I directed the ball towards the end zone knowing that the pass must be perfect for a completion. As the ball sailed off my fingertips a 270 pound lineman pummeled me to the ground.

Adolescence is the period Essay

Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, which is between 13 to 20 years of age. The term â€Å"adolescent† refers to the arraignment of psychological maturity. Puberty, on the other hand, refer to the stage wherein adolescents become physically and biologically ready for reproduction. Most people refer to this stage as a period that is highly stressful and volatile although teenagers nowadays successfully meet these challenges. Every individual is born into a family with several generations of cultural traditions, norms and social patters. They belong to a specific family, race and community with its own language and religion. The social setting with which the child is brought up may have an effect on his growth and development, including his ability to think, his emotions as well as the behavior he exhibits. Children fundamentally learn through the adult’s modeling and instructions. Social settings include the child’s home, the school, the community at large, as well as religious organizations. Positive relationships with family members serve to protect individuals from the risk of negative behaviors. These relationships provide as secure and fundamental base for which individuals learn to grow and develop positively. The family exerts a considerable influence on shaping the individuals concept of self and his outlook towards those outside the family. The family serves as role models so that the child learns which behaviors are socially acceptable, the enhancement of relationship skills as well as maintaining effective communication patterns. In addition, conflicts within the family that are effectively resolved are also important since the child will be using these as the basis during his dealings with those outside the family See more: Beowulf essay essay According to Piaget, changes occurring inside the individual’s mind as well as his broadening exposure to various social settings allow the adolescent to achieve the highest level in terms of intellectual development, which is known as formal operations. The adolescent develops the ability to determine possibilities, rank possibilities, solve problems and make decisions through logical operations. The teenager has the ability for abstract thought and is able to effectively answer questions or problems that may be hypothetical in nature. Adolescents have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities and new cognitive powers allow the adolescent to do more far-reaching problem solving including their future and that of others. Although adolescents have the capacity to think as well as an adult, they lack experiences on which to build their decisions which may also result in conflicts between teens and their parents. Piaget acknowledged that biological maturation plays a role in this developmental theory but believed that rates of development depend upon the intellectual stimulation and challenge in the child’s environment. An adolescent may perform at different levels in different situations based on past experiences, formal education, and motivation in the use of logic and effective deductive reasoning. Erik Erikson established the psychosocial development of human beings that consists of eight stages starting from infancy until the late adult stage. During each stage of psychosocial development, the individual is confronted with several challenges that he must master and be able to successfully master the conflicts within each stage as the inability to do so would result to future problems. The major task of adolescent psychosocial development according to Erikson is the search for personal identity. Teenagers may become isolated socially during their inability to establish close relationships within their social environment. The primary danger of this stage is identity versus role confusion. Adolescents work at becoming socially independent from their parents while retaining family ties. Furthermore, they need to develop their own ethical systems based on their own personal values and principles. Choices, especially regarding lifestyle, vocation and future education must be made by the adolescent. Indecisiveness and the inability to make an occupational choice are behaviors indicating negative resolution of the developmental task at hand. According to Kohlberg’s Moral Developmental Theory, adolescents are at the â€Å"Post Conventional Level† wherein individuals find a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations in this level. Individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles. Individuals at this stage start to look at what an ideal society would be like. Under this Level, are 2 stages namely: Social Contract Orientation and Universal Ethical Principle Orientation. Under social contract orientation, an individual may follow societal law but he recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society. The individual may also recognize that different societal groups may have differing views as well as values although they may be in agreement on several fundamental concepts such liberty and life. On the other hand, the universal ethical principle orientation defines the â€Å"right† by decision of conscience with self chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg himself questioned this stage because he found out that very few subjects reasoned at this stage and thus termed it a â€Å"theoretical† stage. References: Behrman, R. , Kiegman, R. and H. Jenson. Nelson textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000. Bukatko, D. , and M. Daehler. Child development, a thematic approach. 4th ed..Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Edelman, C. , and C. Mandle. Health promotion throughout the Life Span. 5th ed.. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002. Hockenberry , M. J. Wong’s nursing care of infants and children. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2003 Howe, D. , Brandon, M. , Hinings, D. and Schofield (1999). Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment and Family Support. A Practice and Assessment Model. Palgrave: Houndmlls, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York. Kohlberg, L.. â€Å"Review of child development research. â€Å"Hoffman, ML. 1964.