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Saturday, August 31, 2019
Blackberry Picking †Seamus Heaney Analysis Essay
Seamus Heaney is an Irish poet who was born in Mossbawn farmhouse and spent fourteen years of his childhood there. Many of his poems are based on personal experience; ‘Mid-term Break’, for example, was based on the death of his younger brother; and are laid out in settings akin to those he is familiar to. His poem, ‘Blackberry Picking’, is set on a farm and explores the simple luxury of picking fresh, ripe blackberries, his inspiration quite possibly being his own childhood. Thematically, the poem explores the idealistic nature of childhood, and the importance of waking up to reality as one grows older. The beginning of the poem is filled with a vivid passionate recollection of the seasonal picking of blueberries. The time is late August, and in perfect harvest conditions of ‘heavy rain and sun, the blackberries would ripen’. The idealistic views of childhood are brought out in the description of the berries, conveying a sense of near perfection , ‘At first, just one, a glossy purple clot.. You ate that first one and its flesh was sweet’. The memory of the blueberries is so vivid that Heaney recounts the ‘stains’ left upon the tongue and even the ‘lust’ felt for picking. There is a deep sense of indulgence conveyed in this first part of the poem, especially through the use of the word ‘lust’, which would otherwise not normally be used in describing the feelings of children. This passion for something as innocent as blueberry picking is something that can come only in childhood. As the poem progresses, Heaney switches from showing a joyous, childlike recollection to a more wistful, longing tone of an adult whose younger days have passed. He conveys in this part the desperation to hold on to something good, ‘We hoarded the fresh berries in the byre’, and how holding on is never to any avail, as these ‘berries’ possibly used as a metaphor for anything that is almost too good, decay if held on to for to o long. This is when a sense of reality is setting in, and the poet is coming to terms with the fact that nothing can last forever, creating a stark contrast with the childish belief that good things never pass. The line, ‘I always felt like crying. It wasn’t fair’ ties up both, the childish reaction of crying when hit by the realisation that something good will not last, and the adult resignation to the fact that although it is never fair, such is life. On a more implicit note, the poem deals with the theme of greed and the dissatisfaction often involved in attempting to gain an object of desire. The attempt to acquire great amounts of this object by removing it from its natural setting and ‘hoarding’ it leads to its destruction and to the hoarder’s disappointment. However, it is also implied that lessons on greed are seldom learned, ‘Each year I hoped they’d keep, knew they would not.’ Even with the knowledge that his efforts woul d be in vain, Heaney writes about how he was compelled to try and store the blackberries each year, thus bringing out a recurrent greed for the same object. The structure and language of the poem aid the reader in better understanding and connecting with it. The first part is merely a recollection that provides information; what time of the year it is, how the blackberries were collected. There is a lot of enjambment here, and this allows for a free flow of thoughts for the poet, as well as a better level of connection for the reader. This flow better creates the feelings and emotions of the poem, and allows the ideas in each line to flow into each other and create one seamless picture. The first stanza is peppered with adjectives quite liberally, which almost recreates the bursting sweetness of the blackberries on the tongue of the poet. The description of summer’s blood in the berries, and the lust for picking them conveys an extremely passionate feeling towards these fruits, a blood lust. The children, ‘scratched by briars’, are willing to suffer to gain possession of these sweet fleshed berries. In contrast, the s econd stanza contains lesser enjambment, and this restricts the flow of thoughts and ideas. The realisation that the berries have decayed stands in stark contrast to the joy felt when picking and eating the berries on the fields. This realisation is almost jerky, and comes in spurts, unlike the continuous sweetness of the berries in the previous stanza. There are copious amounts of imagery throughout the poem, and this helps create clear, vivid images in the mind’s eye of the reader. The glossiness of the berries and the different colours are tiny details that one usually wouldn’t remember; this vivid recollection therefore establishes clear pictures for the readers. ‘Sent us out with milk cans, pea tins, jam pots’; this line creates a picture of children marching through the fields with just about any form of storage they could get their hands on in order to collect their beloved blackberries. The kids go ‘Round hayfields, cornfields and potato drills’. This listing of different places recreates a mental image of the farm that Heaney describes; a place that is possibly close to his heart because it is where he grew up. Besides the visual imagery of the first stanza, auditory imagery is also present in the line, ‘Until the tinkling bottom had been covered’. This makes the reader subconsciously recreate the tinkling sounds of the hard berries hitting the tinned surfaces of the milk cans, pea tins and jam pots, which in turns make the poem even more tangible and lifelike. Although there is just about as much imagery in the second stanza as there was in the first, these images are unpleasant and dull. As opposed to the colourful descriptions given previously, the description of the hoarded berries as having a ‘rat-grey fungus (and a) stinking juice’ puts forth undesirable images of the previously sinful and sweet berries. Where the berries in the previous stanza boasted of succulent colours, they are now covere d by a dull ‘grey’ fungus. This contrast in imagery runs parallel with the contrasting themes of childlike passion and the adult realisation that nothing lasts. While the first stanza is colourful, bright and indulgent like the ideals of childhood, the second stanza is filled with more realistic imagery of spoil and decay that follows any over-indulgence, which is something that children, on becoming adults, are pushed to realise. The tone of the poem is joyous and passionate in the first stanza. The joy, however, is less to do with the eating of berries, which is mentioned just once ‘You ate that first one and its flesh was sweet’, than the picking of the same, which is mentioned multiple times. This conveys the childlike happiness felt in not just eating the blackberries, but also in the process of running through the fields and picking them, which almost seems like a ritual that happened every year. As opposed to the happy tone established in the first stanza, the tone of the second is desperat e and resigned. Filled with an adult perspective, there is a need to hold on to the sweetness of the berries, the richness of which is now dampened by the idea of the fungus forming on them. ‘It wasn’t fair’, this line conveys the resignation felt by all of us, and echoed by Heaney- the feeling that something isn’t fair accompanied by the realisation that we still have to resign ourselves to that fact because it isn’t going to change. On the surface, the poem ‘Blackberry Picking’ is about the simple joys found in little things like picking and eating blackberries, and the disappointment felt when they rot and decay. Underneath the surface, the poem explores the perfect ideals of childhood that are ruined by the mature realisations of adulthood. It brings out the contrast between the two, and reminds the reader that nothing perfect can last forever; just another hard reality of life.
Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico Essay
Aztec culture Introduction            The history of different people and how they lived in the past is majorly explained through their cultural way of life. People lived in different geographical localities, but due to similar ethic and racial background they shared a common background in terms of cultural, political, social, and religious beliefs. Aztec empire is one of the societies that lived in different geographical localities which included New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada, but shared similar culture. The empire was formed by millions of people who migrated and settled in Mexico with most of them living in Tenochtitlan (Pennock, 2011). The Aztec had a culture that was complicated although rich in religious and mythological beliefs. The people culture encompassed arts (carvings on animals and religious images) music, dressing, dance, drinks, sports, food, games, and rituals that could involve human sacrifice and they were transferred from one generation to the o ther.            The Aztec empire believed that a family was the most important aspect that signified life and new generations. The family was composed of men, women, and children and each member had a specific duty towards the family. Men were responsible for looking for food through hunting and gathering of wild fruits. Women were left to cook food and do the weaving jobs while they took care of children during the day. Children or young boys were trained on how to hunt and gather fruits and foods by their fathers and some went to school. On the other hand, young girls were trained on how to do household chores by their mothers in addition to weaving. A family was started through tradition marriage that was conducted through ceremonies and was between young girls as young as fifteen years and men as young as eighteen years (Pennock, 2011).            Art was one of the ways the Aztec culture recorded information on different beliefs, religion, and war fare. The recordings helped the people to transfer their beliefs and cultiure to other generations so that they would be continuous from one generation to the other. Since in the early Aztec culture few technology on recording and preserving information were available, they recorded their information inform of paintings and writings on the bark of trees. The writings and paintings were then stored in the temple and people could read and use the paintings to learn their history and they warfare encounter (Smith, 2008). The art works was done using various themes such as insects, animals, fish, and plants. Moreover, others reflected religion beliefs and gods that were majorly placed in temples. Hence, art was important in the Aztec culture as it was used to record their activities and events that could be passed from one generation to the o ther.            Religion was evident in Aztec culture. The Aztec people worshipped different gods and goddess that were categorised according to their responsibilities. Since Aztec people were mainly farmers, they conducted rituals in form of ceremonies every year before planting so that they could ensure that they could get a good crop and harvest. The ceremonies involved human sacrifices that were dedicated to gods, Tezcatlipoca (Hassig, 2013). The human sacrifices were obtained from children or prisoners that were captured during war with the neighbouring societies. They believed that human blood and heart was important so as to strengthened the gods and goddesses and bless them with good harvests in addition to their protection and conquering other societies to get more prisoners for human sacrifices. Moreover, they build large temples that were meant for performing the human sacrifices (Smith, 2008).            The Aztec empire also had a unique dress that was used to identify them with their culture that was part of art. The material of the dressing was mainly a beautiful fabric of bright colours that was intertwined and tailored to different designs. The bright colours and design were unique to Aztec people and helped them to identify with their culture. The dressing colours were also used to identify social class as the quality and the design were unique to social class (Dwyer, Stout, & Stout, 2013). The wealthy class were characterised with the best qualities and designs as the commoner material quality was low.            Dance was performed in line with religious and social activities in the society. In some instances, dancing was performed as a religious ritual that was meant to please gods so that they could give blessings to the people and protect them from evil (Dwyer et al, 2013). Moreover, the dance was also done to colour ceremonies that varied from entertainment to ritual ceremonies. The dances were performed in accompaniment with music. The music was sang and played as a form of rituals or players to gods. Different music had different themes. Some music was purely for entertainment while others were purely dedicated to gods. Moreover music was performed based on seasons. Various instruments such as drums, flutes, and rattles were used to play music as well as chanting as a way to worship gods. Therefore, dancing and music were used by the Aztec to preserve their cultures from one generation to the other.            The culture has various games and sports that were important in their culture. The games provided entertainment to leaders and other people distinguished in the social class. The entertainment was also done during ceremonies in the society. Moreover, the games could also be performed to portray religious meaning. For religious ceremonies, games were performed during human or other sacrifice to appease the gods so that they could accept the sacrifice and do as the people had played.            The Aztec empire had different kinds and unique food that were rich and concentrated with spices. The dishes that were common and popular among the Aztec were tortillas, tacos, and tamales. There were other foods that were gathered by men like seeds of sage plants that were common as cereal, eggs, dogs, turkey, and rabbits (Culture and Arts, 2013). Unlike other cultures, most of Aztec food was made with chilli peppers as the main spice. Delicacies that were common among the Aztec people were green slime. The food was obtained from Lake Texococo and its taste was compared to that of cheese. Most of the time enjoyed water as a form of refreshments and in special occasions or ceremonies beer was the main form of drinks. The Aztecs also enjoyed drinks such as hot sweetened chocolate and sometimes octilli. The latter was common among the noble people and other people of a higher social class.            Aztec people day to day life involved agriculture as a form of socioeconomic practices. Their main type of crop that they cultivated was corn. The people were hard working and dedicated farming to their gods and they were able to have crops in surplus. Few practiced irrigation on the dry lands while the majority ploughed on shallow lakes. Farmers transferred mud and soil from dry land to the shallow lakes thus forming islands, chinampas that they in turn used as land for agriculture (Cohn, 2013). The islands were very fertile and productive, which resulted in food surplus. The surplus food and other crops were sold to the other communities and neighbouring empires through Tlateolco market that united various communities. Although Aztecs lacked monetary system, they used barter trade of exchange of goods and services.            The Aztecs were most of the time involved in wars where they capture prisoners for human sacrifice and slaves for their economic purposes. They used futile weapons to fight other tribes and neighbouring communities (Clendinnen, 2010). Some of the weapons that were common among them were wooden clubs. The clubs were edged with pieces of obsidians that were sharp forming a tool that they commonly referred to as macuahuitl. The weapon was used to demobilize the enemies without killing them so that they could be captured as slaves and prisoners for human sacrifice. Other weapons prevalent among the Aztecs were spears and arrow that could either disable or kill the enemies. Conclusion            Aztec culture was rich in art works such as carvings of different images. They believed family as unit of life and marriage was between a man and women. In family, men were hunters and gatherers while women cooked food and weaved clothes. The people had different types of foods such as eggs, cereals, meat, and fish. Spicy pepper was common among the community. The people had religious beliefs and worshiped many gods and goddess that were categorised based on events or season. They sacrificed human beings for the gods in order to be protected and their land to be blessed. In addition, they had different games that could be played in times of ceremonies or religious rituals. Dance was common among the people in combination with music. Similarly, dance and music was done as a way of worship or entertainment in ceremonies. The people had a unique dress that identified them with their culture. References Clendinnen, I. (2010). The cost of courage in Aztec society: essays on Mesoamerican society and culture. Cambridge University Press. Cohn, J. (2013). The Aztecs. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub. Culture and Arts. (2013). Mexico Country Review, 178-184. Dwyer, H., Stout, M., & Stout, M. (2013). Aztec history and culture. New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Hassig, R. (2013). Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. University of Texas Press. Pennock, C. (2011). ‘A Remarkably Patterned Life’: Domestic and Public in the Aztec Household City. Gender & History, 23(3), 528-546. Smith, M. E. (2008). The Aztec Empire. The Aztec World. Ed. Brumfiel, E., M. and Gary M. F. New York: Abrams, 2008. 121-136. Source document
Friday, August 30, 2019
Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay
The paper is focused on alterations occurred in military organisations in Information Age. During Industrial Age the military construction of forces evolved harmonizing with rules of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. But now the solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Both interoperability and legerity are provided by Network centric warfare theory of war. â€Å" Ages †are proclaimed when something happens to do a discontinuity in multiple dimensions that affect civilisation. Economicss and power are historically closely related. What distinguish the Information Age from the Industrial Age are the economic sciences of information and the nature of the power of information. With the coming of the Information Age, there is an chance to supply widespread entree to information-related services and capablenesss merely dreamed about in old epochs. This increased entree to information provides an chance to rethink the ways that we organize, manage, and control. For the really first clip in history the information power burst the efficiency at such degree which is really hard and expensive to be overcome by mass. The original principle, cognition is power, conveyed the impression that an person ‘s worth was related to their ownership of information. The more exclusivity associated with the ownership, the more valuable the information. Hence, information was a trade good like any other trade good, whose value was related to scarceness. Individual and organisational behaviours reflected this value paradigm. Hoarding information and working its scarceness have been the norm for some clip. These behaviours can no longer be tolerated because the economic sciences of information have changed. With the cost of information and its airing dropping dramatically, information has become a dominant factor in the value concatenation for about every merchandise or service. As the costs bead, so make the barriers to entry. Hence, rivals in many spheres are prehending on the chance provided by â€Å" inexpensive †information and communications to redefine concern procedures and merchandises. These tendencies apply to the kingdom of national security every bit good. Information Age constructs and engineerings are being adopted by many states. The military response to the Information Age is Network Centric Warfare.Industrial Age bequestThe term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. The key to understand the term web centric warfare is command and control ( C2 ) attack. Command and Control ( C2 ) is the common military term for direction of forces and resources. The rules underlying traditional bid and command apply non merely to Industrial Age warfare, but besides to Industrial Age economic systems and concerns, are decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. The rule of decomposition is using a â€Å" divide and conquer †outlook to all jobs. The patterns of dividing combat into land, sea, and air ( and infinite ) , are an illustration of break uping warfare into manageable pieces. If a sound set of decompositions is made, so these organisational subsets of the organisation can develop professional fortes that help the overall organisation to execute its mission and accomplish its aims. In military personal businesss, specialisation ( creative activity of calling subdivisions and really specialised organisations ) enabled much more efficient calling development and preparation. During military operations, the specialised capablenesss frequently generated capacities that merely could non be created by groups of Renaissance mans. The organisational effect of Industrial Age specialisation is hierarchy. The attempts of persons and extremely specialised entities must be focused and controlled so that they act in concert to accomplish the ends of the larger organisations that they support. The size and the figure of degrees that separate the leader ( s ) of an endeavor and the specializers that are needed to carry through the undertakings at manus are a map of the overall size of the endeavor and the effectual span of control. The figure of beds is a map of the span of control. As the span of control lessenings, the figure of beds that are needed ( for an organisation of the same size ) increases. In such hierarchies, information demands to flux up and down the concatenation of bid. This is true of policy information, plans, orders, and information about the battlespace ( both studies about the enemy and studies about friendly forces ) . The more beds, the longer this takes and the higher the chance of an mistake or deformation. Even today, correspondence to a member of a military bid is officially addressed to the dominating officer of the unit and is so distributed by the central offices. In other words, all information intended for subsidiaries is recognized as belonging to and fluxing through the hierarchy. Indeed, control of information was a major tool for commanding Industrial Age organisations. Industrial Age armed forcess decomposed the battlespace, created superimposed organisations, divided into specialisations, and organized forces into hierarchies. Thinking that this attack transformed the complexness of war and big operations into a aggregation of simple, manageable undertakings and jobs, the Industrial Age military felt that they were able to concentrate on the optimisation of procedures. Virtually all Industrial Age armed forcess created â€Å" approved scenarios †against which their threat-based determinations were optimized. Of class, they experienced troubles when forced to contend against military organisations other than those they had planned against. Given that the elements of military forces were optimized for specific missions under good known and understood fortunes, Industrial Age bid and control processes relied to a great extent on control steps that would deconflict the elements of the force. The ultimate end was to supply each component of the force with the best possible operating environment. This was a natural effect of specialisation and optimisation. Deconfliction is far better than conflicted operations ( where friendly units impede one another ) , but it falls good short of the public presentation possible when military assets are employed synergistically. Planing became a important portion of Industrial Age bid and control because it enabled commanding officers to set up forces and events in clip and infinite so as to maximise the likeliness of success ( mission achievement ) . Industrial Age commanding officers were, nevertheless, aware of the breakability of programs in the face of the harsh and dynamic operating environment of combat. One of the most celebrated citations about planning is, â€Å" No program survives first contact with the enemy. †Understanding the bounds of military programs, commanding officers ( peculiarly in extremely professional forces ) encouraged inaugural ( invention and aggressive actions ) and decentralized executing within the overall commanding officer ‘s purpose. This was non merely a grant to the built-in trouble of anticipating all contingencies. It was besides a contemplation of the fact that the commanding officer on the scene frequently had better information than those removed from the battlespace. Taken together, they create a form correspondent to command theory. The Industrial Age rules and patterns of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, and deconfliction, combined with Industrial Age bid and control based on centralised planning and decentralised executing, will non allow an organisation to convey all of its information ( and expertness ) or its assets to bear. In add-on, Industrial Age organisations are non optimized for interoperability or legerity. Therefore, solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Organizations that are merchandises of Industrial Age believing are non good suited for important betterments in interoperability or legerity [ 1 ] .3. Network centric warfareNetwork centric warfare ( NCW ) is an emerging theory of war in the Information Age. The term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. A networked force carry oning web centric operations ( NCO ) is an indispensable enabler for the behavior of effects based operations. Effectss based operations ( EBO ) are â€Å" sets of actions directed at determining the behaviour of friends, neutrals, and enemies in peace, crisis, and war. †NCW generates increased combat power by networking detectors, determination shapers, and taws to accomplish shared awareness, increased velocity of bid, high pacing of operations, greater deadliness, increased survivability, and a grade of self-synchronization. In kernel, it translates information advantage into combat power by efficaciously associating friendly forces within the battlespace, supplying a much improved shared consciousness of the state of affairs, enabling more rapid and effectual determination devising at all degrees of military operations, and thereby leting for increased velocity of executing. Information engineering progresss in the countries of bid and control ( C2 ) ; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ( ISR ) ; and preciseness arms bringing are dramatically reshaping the behavior of warfare in the twenty-first century. NCW will speed up the determination rhythm by associating detectors, communications webs, and arms systems via an interrelated grid, thereby heightening our ability to accomplish information and determination high quality over an adversary during the behavior of military operations. While NCW is the theory, web centric operations ( NCO ) is the theory put into action. In other words, the behavior of NCO represents the execution of NCW. The aim of determination high quality is to turn an information advantage into a competitory advantage. This competitory advantage is readily evident when comparing forces carry oning NCO and those runing under the old paradigm of platform centric operations. Platform centric forces lack the ability to leverage the synergisms created through a networked force. A force implementing NCW is more adaptative, ready to react to uncertainness in the really dynamic environment of the hereafter at all degrees of warfare and across the scope of military operations. Over 1000s of old ages of recorded history, the huge bulk of inventions that created important war contending advantages were concentrated in the physical sphere as opposed to the information sphere. These inventions translated chiefly into advantages at the tactical degree of warfare, but they besides had an impact on what are now by and large referred to as the operational and strategic degrees of warfare. They resulted in such battleground advantages as: increased scope of battle, increased deadliness, increased velocity of manoeuvre and increased protection and survivability. While all of these illustrations of invention are considered platform centric, the past century has besides seen many inventions focused on making advantage in the information sphere. The ability to develop and work an information advantage has ever been of import in warfare, therefore the eternity of security and surprise as of import rules of war. While the importance of invention in the information sphere in the yesteryear has been great, its importance has gained critical significance in warfare today [ 2 ] . Fig. 1 The Military as a Network-Centric Enterprise In a more proficient sense, a networked force improves operational pacing by speed uping the Observation-Orientation stages of Boyd ‘s Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action ( OODA ) cringle. Identified during the 1970s by US Air Force strategian John Boyd, the OODA is an abstraction which describes the sequence of events while must take topographic point in any military battle. The opposition must be observed to garner information so the aggressor must point himself to the state of affairs or context, so make up one's mind and move consequently. The OODA cringle is therefore cardinal to all military operations, from strategic down to single combat. It loop is an inevitable portion of world and has been so since the first tribal wars of 25,000 old ages ago, as it is cardinal to any predator-prey interaction in the biological universe. Sadly, its proper apprehension had to wait until the seventiess. At a philosophical and practical degree what confers a cardinal advantage in battles is the ability to remain in front of an opposition and order the pacing of the engagement – to keep the enterprise and maintain an opposition off balance. In consequence, the aggressor forces his opposition into a reactive position and denies the opposition any chance to drive the battle to an advantage. The participant with the faster OODA cringle, all else being equal, will get the better of the opposition with the slower OODA cringle by barricading or pre-empting any move the opposition with the slower OODA cringle efforts to do. The four constituents of the OODA cringle can be split into three which are associated with processing information, and one which is associated with motion and application of firepower. Observation-Orientation-Decision is information centric while Action is kinematic or centered in motion, place and firepower. If we aim to speed up our OODA loops to accomplish higher operational pacing than an enemy, we have to speed up all four constituents of the cringle. Much of 20th century war contending technique and engineering dealt with speed uping the kinetic part of the OODA cringle. Mobility, preciseness and firepower additions were the consequence of this development. There are practical bounds as to how far we can force the kinetic facet of the OODA loop – more destructive arms produce indirect harm, faster platforms and arms incur of all time increasing costs. Consequently we have seen development decelerate down in this sphere since the sixtiess. Many arms and platforms widely used today were designed in the 1950s may stay in usage for decennaries to come. Observation-Orientation-Decision are all about garnering information, administering information, analysing information, understanding information and make up one's minding how to move upon this information. The faster we can garner, administer, analyse, understand information, the faster we can make up one's mind, and arguably the better we can make up one's mind how and when to move in combat. Networking is a mechanism via which the Observation-Orientation stages of the cringle can be accelerated, and the Decision stage facilitated [ 3 ] .DecisionThe warfare in Information Age will be different than warfare in Industrial Age. In order to accomplish a military high quality the military forces should accommodate to the new conditions. The merely networked the existent construction of ground forces is non plenty. A new construction of ground forces must be making which should let exchange of information at a high velocity. At this point the velocity of action will hold a great impact to the bid and control. Command and control can non obey the direction map of planning, forming, staffing, directing and commanding. During the battle the bid and control should obey OODA cringle. In fact during the edifice of force the commanding officer should by a skilled director but during the battle the commanding officer should use command theory that trades with the behaviour of dynamical systems. The OODA cringle is a simple and efficient theoretical account to depict the world of battle.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
MOIGC Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
MOIGC 2 - Assignment Example This helped the firm to achieve competitive edge and creative adaptation for surviving in a turbulent economy. This paper is an extensive review of the leadership, cultural and structural activities implemented by Haier group. Innovation culture followed by Haier is described through its various initiatives such as Win-win model and OEC control groups. The paper also throws light on the various acquisition and expansion strategies which Haier took so as to achieve competitive edge. The company has evolved from being a profit oriented to customer oriented. The study has also analysed the critical relation between its internal innovation strategies and its importance while meeting the changing demands in a knowledge economy. Sufficient facts and information has been providing confirming that Haier has successfully established a fit state with the objective of maximising its opportunities for future innovation and gain sustainable competitive advantage. Marketers and analysts have long realized the importance of innovation. However, it is also true that for long term survival and success in any industry, it is essential to develop a powerful innovation culture. Such culture can be easily recognized within a firm which is known as an authentic and genuine innovator in the external marketplace. The culture is also known to harbour innovation friendly and dynamic environment in its internal workplace. It is also a known fact that innovation culture is very uncommon in the current business environment. A major factor behind this is the inclination towards predictability and stability as they are a readymade path for earning profit. On the contrary, innovation is about change and adaptation where survival and profits can be extremely difficult to achieve, at least during the first few years of implementation. So, innovation has become one of the top priorities for both large
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Is global warming due to human actions Can the human race take action Research Paper
Is global warming due to human actions Can the human race take action to stop global warming - Research Paper Example From uncontrolled cutting of the trees and exaggerated burning of fossil fuels to release of poisonous gases in the atmosphere as a result of the industrial revolution, variations in climate extremes to shrinking extent of Arctic sea ice and rising sea levels, the issue of global warming has explicitly marred many potential positive aspects of life. This paper is primarily based on contemplating the ins and outs of the grave issue of global warming and its effects on a sustainable world. The discussion about if or if not there is any role played by humanity in increasing the incidence of global warming is also presented, while the existential possibility of any ways in which humans can or cannot acquire control over the grave consequences produced by this greatest environmental rival of all times also forms a part of the argument. Facts and discussion presented in this paper are meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"with the agricultural and industrial revolution, land-use change, and an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, the issue of global warming has regardless strengthened and acts like recycling, energy conservation, and tree plantation can help reduce this.†Beginning with discussing the definite impact created by global warming on the Earth both environmentally and geographically, it is worth mentioning that while the industrial revolution has helped the humanity by providing employment opportunities, it has also impacted the world environment in a highly deplorable way. Less reliance on energy consumption and increased burning of fossil fuels with industrial emissions which increases the CO2 gas concentration in the atmosphere have directly played a massive role in increasing the Earth’s temperature. The rate with which the human population has been increasing so tremendously over the past many years also adds to the severity of the issue of global warming because with an extraordinarily large hu man population, there seems to be no apparent end to the ongoing use of land, energy, and fossils, thus environmental scientists tend to be at loss of designing any useful strategy for acquiring a long-lasting control over this dramatic and urgent environmental emergency. Research studies mention that since the beginning of the industrial revolution, massive amounts of nitric oxide and carbon dioxide gas have been released in the atmosphere continuously due to which the global temperature is also on a constant rise with the result that the issue of global warming has unequivocally succeeded in influencing the Earth both environmentally and geographically in a way that no one can remain oblivious to it. Over the past many years, the extent of Arctic sea ice has been declining and reportedly, millions of square kilometers of sea ice have been lost due to increasing temperatures. Such disrupted Arctic climate patterns have led to increased wastage of the sun’s energy which norma lly has to be recycled back towards space, but with the ice melting at an unprecedented pace in the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean waters absorb most of the sun’s energy and this explains why the global average sea levels are increasing. Now, the rising sea levels is seen as one of the worst consequences of global warming brought on by rapidly melting ice caps which has led a large number of people to move away from the coastal areas and settle down somewhere else. The increase noted in the evapotranspiration rates due to the constant rise in global warming is
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Topic list in the file Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Topic list in the file - Essay Example By the end of the 20th century, there was a complete turnaround of gender norms comprising of mixed and reversed roles among both genders from the reserved gender roles that were exhibited and practiced at the onset of the 20th century. This paper will analyze the characteristics of the 20th century gender norms and the way these norms were enforced and justified by both genders. On the first phase of the analysis, gender norms that surfaced in the first half of the 20th century will be discussed, each with their respective enforcements. This phase contains significant gender evolutionary milestones like women suffrage, and women’s increased responsibility in acting as subordinates to men during the first and second World Wars. The second phase that constitutes the second half of the 20th century displays more dynamism in gender norms reconstruction. These go on till finally, there is a form of gender norm balance and satisfaction from both ends at the end of the 20th century. The need for a more aligned gender norm definition does not stop, as the same plea flows over into the 21st century. The conclusion of the defined characters will be succeeded with a brief explanation of the challenges that were encountered in a continual bid to adopt and accept the changes in gender norms through the 20th century. Gender norms transition: 1900 – 1950 The onset of the 20th century carried itself along with the strict gender norms that were adhered to at the close of the 19th century. The increased industrial age had amplified the disparities in the gender norms where the men were categorized as the society’s producers and the women classed as protectors of the comfort havens the men came to roost after their daily works. The women in the society thus maintained a low profile in the society with their area of confinement maintained as the household where they took care of the children, prepared food, and carried out other household chores that would ta ke away that burden from their men’s activity list (Ryan 34). In the years that preceded the 1920s, women’s suffrage was the key fight by women that aimed at giving the native-born American woman the power to participate in politics and the right to vote. This fight had persisted during the last 40 years of the 19th century with associations such as the American Women’s Suffrage Association (AWSA) by Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell in 1869 and National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the same year. The cries for women’s suffrage were initially ignored by the chauvinistic-dominated male administration. The years between 1910 and 1920 marked the most active years for the fighting for women’s right to vote and emphasized by an active lobbyist, Catt, who utilized her personal relation skills to obtain more than 500,000 signatures attesting for women’s suffrage. Since the advent of polit ics, it was a preserve of men whose position in politics was justified by claims of them being able enough to make decisions. Further, it was alleged that women were too religious to soil their morality in politics, which was allegedly dirty. It was preferred that they kept their sanctity and helped uphold the moral values in families and the society (Ryan 58). After many years of activism, 1922 was the year of victory when women participated for
Monday, August 26, 2019
Contemporary Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Contemporary Utopia - Essay Example Grube and Reeve (328b) in their description of Plato’s Republic, propose other utopia related ideologies such as abiding peace, strict government structure and high levels social equality. The community under investigation for utopian ideas, in this case, is Los Angeles based Ashram West. Ashram West’s utopian ideologies can be discerned from a wide array of elements, ranging from the community’s name to its practices. For instance, if directly interpreted, the word ashram means a place of religious retreat. Further, Ashram West seeks to provide refuge for gay-identified individuals, offer enlightenment services to the community and bolster spirituality of diverse people. Evidently, this gay spiritual residential area entwines religious, philosophical, administrative and sociological utopian ideologies as discussed further hereunder. Ashram West was conceived in the year 1997 by an individual known as William, and later incorporated as a nonprofit organization (NPO) in the state of California. The establishment is currently situated in the Silver Lake area of Los Angeles, and occupies a large apartment with one bedroom. The organization is affiliated to the Southern California Vedanta Society, thus explaining its religious connections to Hinduism and Buddhism linked Tantra teachings. Further, Ashram West is legally sanctioned as a religious establishment, meaning that the community affiliates uphold its religious teachings. The community does not hold any form of prejudice against people from varying races, countries of origin, sexuality and social status, among other distinguishing elements. In regard to membership, Ashram West is always open for new affiliates. Other aspects of interest within this community include mode of leadership or government and social practices. In consideration of leadership and decis ion making, members select an individual to lead them on the basis of
Sunday, August 25, 2019
The Economic situation of a given Country Research Paper
The Economic situation of a given Country - Research Paper Example The country is made up of 63 Islands, the main island being referred to as Singapore inclusive. The connection to Malaysia is man-made which are Johor Causeway to the North and Tuas to west. The current reclamation of land has increased the country to 716.1 square kilometres from 581.5 square kilometres in the 1960s (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho, 54). There is an anticipation that the country will grow by 100 square kilometres by the year 2030. Some parts of the country’s land have been donated for parks, reserves, nature ways tree lines, roads and nature ways among other natural areas. Climatically Singapore, is characterized by a tropical rainforest climate without any seasons, temperatures and pressure are consistent, high humidity and very high level of rainfall (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho 66). Temperatures vary from 22 to 35 degree centigrade while humidity is 79% before noon and 73% thereafter. The country, as in the year 2012, had a population of about 5.3 million people which consisted of 3.3 million, accounting for about 62% of the citizens while the remaining 38% represented foreigners (Chiu, Stephen, Kong-Chong Ho & Dale Lü, 298). About 23% of the citizens are not citizens by birth, but are born in foreign lands as there were about half a million permanent residents. 37 is the median age of its population having an average household size of about 3.5 persons. The major problem in Singapore is limited land which has led to large populations living in subsidized, high rise, public housing apartments (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho 145). There are very high numbers of domestic helpers in the country. The estimate, as per 2013, on fertility rate assumed to be around 0.79 per woman. This represents the lowest fertility rate in the world (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho, 198). This has been a major problem in Singapore and to solve this problem the
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Coalitions in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Coalitions in Europe - Essay Example Discussing the history of coalitions, it is important to look through and analyze all the pros and cons of this approach. Analyzing the examples of two countries, the given paper will prove that coalition is not the best form of government for all the European states. Considering the importance of coalitions in Europe, it is essential to discuss the experience of England. Twice in its history England had to make difficult choice related to the formation of coalition government. The first time was after the World War II and the second in 2010, when David Cameron was the Prime Minister of the UK. Speaking about the after war period, it is essential to mention that human factor played a very important role, when the consequences of war such as great panic were considered. Introducing changes into the governmental system seemed the only correct and appropriate decision. According to David Cameron, the economic setback was the reason or motive force for this decision. No one can state for sure that this method or change could be beneficial for country in general. However, â€Å"the coalition could, and should, embark on new reforms, chipping away at the green belts that constrain development around big cities, for example. But its main task is to see through the revolution that it started in 2010. The programme is hugely ambitious, especially given the lack of money available. It is also broadly rightâ€â€and some reforms that are not right, such as the elected police commissioners, cannot now be reversed. Even health reform can be rescued. Finishing the job would be good for Britain†(Britain’s coalition government. Divided they fall) Zakocs and Edwards state that in case when single party does not gain the majority during the elections, the variant with creating a different parties coalition and as a result provide the parliamentary support is the best one. Coalition is the most typical form of governments in Europe. This tendency is pretty unders tandable as all the political powers tend to fight for every seat in the parliament and by the means of coalition they obtain the possibility to get most of them. Ireland, Italy and Germany have the coalition government. The main dispute that arises is what is more favorable for country and what type is the most suitable. â€Å"Quite generally, a priori indices of voting power aim to illustrate the influence of actors deriving from weighted voting schemes. In their more traditional forms, they do not attempt – as this sometimes appears to be assumed – to provide a measure for the â€Å"effective power†of actors in a specific policy situation and policy domain. This latter aim can generally better be pursued by approaches related to the spatial theory of voting, assuming specific constellations in the distribution of preferences among actors and institutions†(Bilal & Hosli, 1999). Analyzing England as an example it is possible to make a conclusion that i n difficult times the tendency to create coalitions appeared in order to overcome these difficulties. Certainly, there are explanations for such behavior or pattern. One of them is wish or necessity to work or better to say to interact with one another, like one team. According to Marie Hojnacki, â€Å"This [strategic engagement in coalitions] is especially true today because the growth in the number and diversity of organized interests in national politics has made it more difficult for any one group to dominate the decisions made within a particular policy area. To be effective, rational group leaders must choose strategies that enhance their chances for advocacy success.â€
Friday, August 23, 2019
Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31
Reflection - Essay Example Diversity also offers a rich mix of characters in a diversified community to promote interactions of people’s strengths and weakness in an organization. A multi-cultured community therefore has an advantage of effectiveness and efficiency in generating solutions to problems, especially if the differences are managed effectively. The interview also established that the benefits of diversity apply across different fields. The interview changed my thinking over superiority issues across diversity. I previously focused on major traits across cultures and believed that people’s potentials depend on their cultural orientations but the interview changed my thinking. I, however, know understand that each culture is rich in potentials and that diversity is not the basis to determining an individual’s ability. Learning of the advantage of integrating cultural features in a multi-cultured community for effectiveness has also informed me that diversity is important and organizations should promote it. I appreciate cultural differences and try to learn more about each culture because of my change in thinking. I interact with people from different culture, with honesty, and even try to incorporate their traits in my life and activities. My attention has therefore shifted to developing diverse relationships that I currently work on. The important information that I learnt about diversity, from the cultural immersion, is the role of diversity decision making. While different cultures have different approaches to decision making, each approach is not perfect but integration of positive elements from each culture improves decision-making process, leading to informed decisions. The knowledge has developed a new perspective in me and I will in future incorporate perspectives from different cultures while making decisions. I will identify individuals from each
Great chain of being Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Great chain of being - Term Paper Example However, the passage of time saw this trend slowly fade away and the classes that were hitherto much respected soon lost significance. A good example of this can be seen from the Tudor Dynasty which tried as hard as it could to maintain the existence of the classes but at the same time developed policies that weakened the chain further. According to Bucholz and Key (87), the Great Chain of Being was a system of governance that classified the English people by class, age and sex. From the divisions, it was able to differentiate who was and was not a knight, an esquire, or a gentleman (Bucholz and Key 11). The first of this class was the royalty and gentlemen who were the rulers of the community. This was the followed by the gentlemen and even among the gentlemen, there were still classes where the first and principal were the king, dukes, among others while next to these were knights, esquires, and simple gentlemen. Despite the strong social hierarchy, the passage of time saw this chain becoming weaker and weaker with the climax coming during the Tudor Dynasty. However, the Tudor Dynasty struggled to maintain the chain but at the same time carried out policies and actions that only led to weaken the Great Chain of Being further (Key and Bucholz 17). In the beginning of the 15th century, the England went through a series of wars that affected both the economy and leadership of the nation. Following the war that was going on in the West Country, the king together with his advisers chose Richard, the then duke of York to be the protector of the Realm. By 1461, the duke of Yolk rebelled against the Lancastrian monarchy that he had sworn to serve loyally. Soon after Richard had taken the throne, he was killed in cold blood by his own son Edward who took power in 1461. However, the Lancastrians went on making rival claims based on origin as well as formal vows of loyalty and this led to widespread violence in the entire country. During the 1460’s and
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Why did the reds win the Civil War Essay Example for Free
Why did the reds win the Civil War Essay The Reds won the Civil War for many reasons, but some are specifically more important than others. Some factors such as†¦ Geographical advantage  Strong leadership Unity and organisation  Support Paragraph 1 (Short) (6 mins) The geographical advantage of the Reds helped them with the Civil war because it provided them with military benefits that the Whites did not have. Geographical Factors  Reds: Held central area of Western Russia – Moscow + Petrograd = population for conscription  Whites: Scattered amongst Russia. Reds: Controlled large industrial centers produce war supplies deliver them efficiently amongst soldiers Whites: Communication difficult, hundreds of miles separated different armies – created disunity  How did this help them win? Because they had abundant resources while the Whites did not†¦ Paragraph 2 (Short) (6mins) The Reds won the Civil war partly because of their enemy’s disunity and lack of organisation. The Reds could therefore exploit the White’s major weaknesses in order to secure a victory. Unity + Organisation  Whites: Some members were liberal and just satisfied with the returning of the Provisional government  Whites: The generals distrusted each other Didn’t communicate with each other about attacks bases already far apart Reds: Conscription was introduced and Trotsky hand picked loyal soldiers army increased from 100,000 to 500,000 by August 1918  Reds: January 1920 5 million men enlisted former Tsarist officers held with blackmail  The result? The Campaigns of Kolchak and Deniken contributed to the Red’s victory (lack of troops, unorganised) Production of weapons war communism Paragraph 3 (6 mins) Without a clear sense of direction and leadership the Reds would have had difficulty in their success. Lenin and Trotsky were robust leaders who led the Red’s to their victory. Leadership  Trotsky traveled 65,000 miles throughout Russia assisting front line to encourage Red soldiers.  Lenin clear and structured leadership Whites: Had multiple leaders who set bad examples by drinking. Whites: Aided landlords to gain lost land (lost support from peasants)  Whites: Once peasants conscripted  Brutal discipline = want democracy more  The result? : Better army and more support = victory Paragraph 4 (6mins) Another factor that meant the Reds won the Civil war was because of the amount support they gained in Russia. Support  Reds: gained support through repression and reform Repression: Cheka, grain requisitioning,  Reform: Propaganda, VIK peasant representation of villages in dealings with central government. Briefly mention former Tsarist commanders (blackmail)  Whites: Had foreign aid from France, Japan and USA. Was half hearted and some troops sympathised with Reds. Whites: Peasant soldiers often switched sides, as they were not happy with White’s declaration of returning land back to landlords.  The result? : Had committed troops who fought for them, ensuing in a better army. Conclusion (10) To conclude, I think the main reason as to why the Reds won the Civil war was because of their enemy’s disunity and their lack of support. The White’s became infamous for their terror they brought. Estimated 100,000 – 150,000 Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia were killed in pogroms.  Result? Loss of support  Reds managed to gain 48,000-experienced Tsarist officers  Compare with Whites and their unorganised efforts Effect of good army?  Reds: Ensure loyalty of officers and men, political commissars attached to provide ‘political education’. Whites? Less loyalty  Disunity?  Campaign example Why did the Reds win the Civil War in 1920 Essay Plan.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Genetically Modified Organisms Biology Essay
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Genetically Modified Organisms Biology Essay The benefits and risks of any particular genetically modified crop depend on the interactions of its ecological functions and natural history with the agro-ecosystem and ecosystems within which it is embedded. These evolutionary and ecological factors must be considered when assessing genetically modified crops. We argue that the assessment of genetically modified crops should be broadened to include alternative agricultural practices, ecosystem management and agricultural policy. Such an assessment ecological services that support it. The benefits of genetically modified crops should be compared to those of other means of agricultural intensification such as organic farming, integrated pest management and agricultural policy reform. A gradual and cautions approach to the use of genetically modified crops that relies on a truly comprehensive risk assessment could allow people to reap substantial benefits from genetically modified crops while mitigating their serious risks. INTRODUCTION Genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes. This DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it modified or novel genes. Genetically Modified Organisms can be produced by gene cloning methods in which a non-native gene is introduced and expressed in a new organism. Generally the new protein has also been somewhat modified or engineered for proper expression in the new host. In particular, differences between microorganisms and eukaryotic cell must be overcome, such as the presence or absence of introns, occurance of DNA methylation and certain post-translational modifications to the protein itself for proper transport within or between cells. The advent of PCR and gene sequencing methods have opened up the door to all sorts of manipulative techniques for changing the structure of protein through genetic alterations. The introduction of bacterial genes into cash crops, to enhance their growth, nutritional value or resistance to pests, is becoming rather common place in plant technology. One example that has made frequent headlines is the introduction of bacterial genes for natural pesticides into plants in order to eliminate the need for chemical pesticide use. The drawback to this technology is public concern over the consequences of ingesting these natural pesticides. Problems such as these might be alleviated by site-specific expression of the gene or control of expression throughout the lifecycle. For example, it might cause less concern if expression of a pesticide gene in the leaves of young plants could be used to prevent foliage from being destroyed early on without expression in the fruit later in the lifespan. Advantages of Genetically Modified Organisms The world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. Genetically modified foods promise to meet this need in a number of ways: Pest resistance Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmer typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Growing genetically modified foods such as B.t. corn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market. Herbicide tolerance For some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weedkiller) to destroy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one very powerful herbicide could help prevent environment damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed. For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup. A farmer grows these soybean which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off. Disease resistance There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases. Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings. Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in location previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long period of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places. Nutrition Malnutrition is common in third world countries where impoverished people rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet. However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to Vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Pharmaceuticals Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. Phytoremediation Not all genetically modified plants are grown as crops. Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in all parts of the world. Plants such as poplar tress have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms The pros and cons for using genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) are vast and varied but there is little argument over the uncertain consequences of this relatively new science. The pace at which GMOs have found their way into the food supply is what frightens many opponents, as long-term risk assessments wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t be available for many years. Long-term health effects The science of genetically modifying organisms is in its infancy, coming online in earnest in the mid-1990s. Pressure from agricultural interests and the scientific community eager to prove the viability of the process has led to what some would call an irresponsible rush to market of these products. More than 60 percent of the products in most U.S. grocery stores are derived from sort of genetically altered plant or animal, notes Nina Fedoroff, a molecular biologist at Penn State University in the spring 2007 issue of Science Journal. There simply hasn;à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t been enough time to study the long-term health effects on humans from eating genetically altered foods. Gene spilling Many of the arguments against bio-engineered food stuffs focus on the law of unintended consequences. It is unclear what effect, if any, genetic pollution from inadequately sequestered populations of genetically modified crops would have on the surrounding wild varieties. Releasing pollen from genetically altered plants into the wild via wind and insects could have dramatic effects on the surrounding ecosystem but there is no long-term research yet available to gauge the impact. Reduced biodiversity Biodiversity even within a species or genus, keeps plant and animal population viable. If a particular virus for example, affected corn in Northern Iowa but the slightly different variety of corn grown on an adjacent farm was immune, only the portion of the crop susceptible to the virus would be lost. As genetically engineered crop consume more and more acreage, the number and variety of wild species is reduced. Such as alignment threatens the entire supply as pests and diseases repelled by just one or a few genetically altered varieties develop resistance to those defenses. In a doomsday scenario, a lone pathogen could wipe out an entire harvest nationwide and spawn years of underproduction as the agriculture industry struggles to recover and combat the threat. Cross-pollination The potentially negative environmental impacts of GMOs are numerous, and many are as yet unknown and could be irreversible. These include the loss of flora and fauna biodiversity, unintended harm to other organisms and reduced effectiveness of pesticides. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, one of the biggest concerns is the creation of super weeds: the unintentional transfer of herbicide resistance genes from desired crops to weeds. Some of these concerns, however, are the same concerns that could occur with breeding. Genetic consequences The artificial insertion of genes into organisms could destabilize that organism, encouraging genetic mutations that could be detrimental either to the environment, to humans or both. Insertion of the desired gene into a crops genome could activate or deactivate other genes, causing unintentional consequences as well. For example, genes that orchestrate the precise development of tomatoes could be de-activated, leaving tomatoes rotting on the vine before maturation. Long-lived organisms, such as trees, would be most at risk with consequences unknown for perhaps years. Its entirely possible they would no longer bear fruit, or they would have weak trunks. Characteristics of bark we may rely upon for paper products may disappear. The possibilities are essentially endless. Furthermore, changes in gene expression of genes that already exist in the organism may have negative consequences by interacting with the product of the inserted gene. For example, the gene coding for the red color of berries could interact with the inserted disease resistance gene creating an entirely new protein that perhaps would cause cancer after the berries were eaten by humans. As of 2010, many of the consequences are purely speculative and true issues would not be known for perhaps years. Animals GMOs pose a potential risk to insects, particularly those involved in pollination of GMO crops, as well as birds, insects, organisms in soils, and water. The impact of GMO pollen in bees gut or ingestion by bacteria is not known. One fear is that the insects may develop resistance to the pesticides after ingesting GMO pollen, creating swarms of pesticide-resistant bugs. Intellectual property The risk of GMOs to the world economy may be significant. It is entirely possible that world food production would be dominated by a few companies, increasing the dependence of developing countries on industrialized nations. Foreign exploitation of natural resources, labeling issues and scientific advances skewed to interests of richer countries are just a few of the concerns. Although eventually more efficient and economical, initial research and development costs involved in bringing GMO products to market are substantial. To offset these costs, companies patent their products. Infringement issues are a major issue. Human health Human health is also at stake. GMO plants may create new allergens or unintentionally confer antibiotic resistance in humans. As part of the technique, genes that confer antibiotic resistance are inserted into GMOs as markers but they could confer resistance to these antibiotics when consumed by humans. However, the gene introduced into the potatoes was already known to be toxic to mammals. Researchers simply chose the gene to test the technique and it was never intended for human or animal consumption. As pollen spreads, pharmaceuticals derived from plants and fed to animals are then consumed by humans, also with unknown consequences. Food supply at risk Genetically modified seeds are a patented product, and in order to purchase the seeds customers must sign an agreement for use with the seed manufacturer. As the reliance on GM seeds expands world wide, concerns about food supply and safety continue to escalate. Genetically engineered seeds are identical in structure, and if a problem affects one particular crop a major crop failure can result. Environmental destruction Most GMO seeds are genetically engineered to be herbicide tolerant, resistant to insect infestation and disease. Environmentalists worry that the characteristics of GM crops may encourage farmers to increase their use of herbicides and pesticides, which will raise human consumption of dangerous toxins. GM crops also manufacture their own pesticides, which puts further poisons into humans and soil and may cause unforeseen changes in the environment. Another concern is that toxins contained in the GMO plants may harm other organisms, such as monarch caterpillars, bees and birds. The pesticide found in genetically modified cotton and corn is implicated in the deaths of poultry, cows, horses, sheep and buffalo worldwide. Conclusion As a nutshell, although Genetically Modified Organisms have a lot of advantages but still face many ethical issues related to the growing and consumption of genetically engineered crops. They hold potential to greatly increase the nutritional value of food as well as the productivity of crops, while at the same time provide many safety as well environmental concerns. These decisions need to be looked at by all of humanity since everyone is directly affected by the choices. While each person can read these details and come to different conclusion on the value of genetically engineered foods as well as the ethical choices being made by the companies in charge of producing these foods. The ultimate choice on genetically engineered foods should be placed onto a well informed consumer not held in the dark by those in power of the government and large corporations which may not have the general publicà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interests as their primary goal.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Management Control and Workers Participation
Management Control and Workers Participation Ting Cheuk Sze Today, I come to tell you a banned book, at least it used to be banned in the last 1980s in China which everyone views as modern literary classic nowadays. It is Nineteen Eight- Four, written by English author George Orwell, he is a literary great writer. The outline of the story actually is very simple, it is about the year 1984. He imagined a future world. In that future world experienced a nuclear war, the whole war in ruins. Finally, leave three countries. One of the countries called Oceania. It is believed to be composed of the United States and Britain. Sides of the Atlantic, there are also countries called Eurasia and Eastasia. These three countries in a state of war. The war between the three countries all occur in unmanned land, the territory of any country is never compromised. What were they fighting for? In fact, they were not mainly fighting for resources or ideological struggle. The war can provoke a national sense of patriotism, hatred of other countries, taking advantages for domination. 1984 world completely eradicate all other circumstances lead to the loss of power of the ruling class of their own in addition to the problem occurred. First he controlled the production of all things, that does not let too many people a good solution to the problem of food, clothing and have the energy to think about reasonable and objective laws of the world ruling class led to the presence of people appear moderate. As Weber (1978) said, business is discharged without regard for persons. Moreover, he does not let people starved to death and others lead to revolt. Then, he controlled everyones mind, namely to mak e everyone except the government should not think of the things you think about, even with the existence of God and other terms of the elimination of freedom leads to these ideas cannot be propagated, which is to eradicate the possibility of more powerful groups rose up against the middle-man. It is control by bureaucracy rules, it ensures the production and economic activities are in a predictable and impersonal manner control, which similar Nazi Germany ruling. Personal relationship is not necessary for organization. Is bureaucracy is good or bad? The important of bureaucratic organization for Nazi Germany have been show by Zygmunt Bauman (1989). Impersonal bureaucratic rules is working well for organization achieve specific goal. Bureaucratic organization run the business in efficiency way, stabilize the production and economic but the activity is impersonal(weber,1978). However, the education from bureaucratic organization are different from other, which mean that the term of im personal maybe have a different meaning in bureaucratic culture. Moreover, the standard of being a human such as happiness, sadness, arrogance is different. According to Fayol (in stewart,1997), manager cover the tasks of planning, motivating, controlling and coordinating. There are only three countries that society, each one the same but in such a strange state of society, each understand a wide range of war unfavorable ruling, but the war is present and must be, because they see the war has become a way to control resources, that is, when food and other necessities of excess production will lead to a lot of people out all day in order to meet the food and clothing problem When run around and attend to other cases, the government will use war to solve these too much of resources, so as to achieve domestic stability, which is the so-called war that is peace. Therefore, only the right to rule rests in the hands of the rulers, and extreme personality cult also indirectly eliminate the possible problem of the ruling class, which is an extremely stable society. War was not to conquer or defend territory, but to maintain a stable rule. I thin k peace from here is not for whole community but for the ruling class. The majority of people still struggle financially, only the upper layer benefit from war. War can help the party to manage the whole country. The rule methods are almost exactly the same in three countries, are made of a very authoritarian party. The book describes the social, history can be changed, the party people of the country live in dire straits, food is not satiation, but also deeply convinced that extremely privileged life now. People living in a variety of monitoring, thinking from, even instinct bow to the party-state. For people who do not like the party-state may make him disappear immediately, so that we are convinced that this person never existed. Production output is just a number, perhaps the fact that there is no start production. People still walk barefoot on the road. Woman being trained together with the party-state men just to complete the task of the party-state, as the party-state production people. The children always watched their parents, if the parents have found that attempts to betray the party-state or abnormal behavior, they ran thought police that give hair. Party state to prove his words always right, change constantly newspaper previously published remarks. History is forgotten, no party state impossible things. They are bureaucratic organizations, control the entire country. This book mainly is written about Oceania. The people are being brainwashing by the party, the nation people have to listen to party word. They even fabricated news to change history. They get the people obey and monitor the nationals every day. If nationals cannot meet their criteria, they will be caught because of thought crime literally. They will be disappeared or evaporated. According to Bell (1962), the nature and process of work has been transformed by the ideology of rationalism, with significant implication for the worker. Moreover, modern work s about the timing, pace and space constraints. The worker need to adapt to the working system of the industry, and it determines where and how working he/she lives. Merton (1940) mentioned, bureaucratic organization is impersonal machines. It is a rational management organizational structure. It must follow a specific set of rule and procedures, with clear authority registration, transfer responsibilities from top to bottom, the emergence is the result of social division. He also states that any organization must have some form of authority as a foundation. The appropriate authority can eliminate confusion and bring order. They cannot achieve organizational goals if there are no such authoritative organizations. The protagonist is called Winston Smith; he was working in a very important sector in Oceania. It is called Ministry of Truth, but it is a Ministry which is full of lie. It changes the real history. For example, they would say the invent airplane. They entertain the public. Winston Smith responsible for modifying the past new. Slowly he began to have doubts about this ruling and became a very dangerous man.The experience of management from Watson (1994), there is a strong sense that what workers do is right and it involves identity work, to find out who I am. Winston is clear that he was doing wrong. However, he did not have enough power to against as a person who be managed. Winston try to find out what is the real self. Abraham Maslow (1968) and Carl Roger (1961) view human life is a search for the authentic self. The real information provide by party which make people ideality themselves as party want. However, Winston experienced the world that is not control by bureaucratic orga nizations, which make him different from other. He fell in love with a girl, but please note that the relationship between man and woman is not allowed in this totalitarian. It is a sexually repressed country. Bureaucratic manager is an amoral, efficiency-seeking character as Maclnytyhe (1985) said. McMylor (1994) also argue that management is not a scientific way of practice built upon factual law-like generalizations. More likely to say the party is controlling the people than managing the people. The purpose of marriage is to have children and train more national comrades. They thought to enjoy sex, then also try to revolt the country. Then, they were caught. Both afflicted and been brainwashed. They had vowed never betray each other. In the end, they were brainwashed successfully and betrayed each others. After the twentieth century, modern technology makes totalitarian politics becomes feasible. Such as radio, broadcast which through modern totalitarian political will promote their partys idea and achievement. In the story, Nineteen Eight- Four, the most important technological product is telescreen. Its function is not only can play propaganda, but also as monitor used. Party place the screen throughout the country. People are monitored in home, office, square, corridors. In Oceania, the monitor is not target to against the behavior, but the thought. Goldstein (in the story) Mention in the book, the inability of the past totalitarian fully implemented, as a result of unable to grasp the peoples action. He control the past control the future, he who controls the present controls the past. The self follows the change on the social, the self is seen as historically produced and socially structured (Casey, 1995, P66). Winston Smith responsible for modifying the news. Winston had been proletarian district which is less relate the party and try to find whether before the revolution better than now, and finally failed. The grasp of reality is the most important aspect of the human personality, but this aspect has been destroyed by Ministry of truth. It also destroyed the human imagination. It manages everyones entertainment, novels and movies. As long as the purpose is to control their imagination. Imagination can help people to imagine the different possibilities when face with reality. Ministry of truth make people cannot imagine other environment that actual can happen. They lose imagination and becomes the slaves of reality, and the reality with is modified and controlled. The country attempts to modify the text, simplified expression of the text in order to more accurately grasp the reality. For example, they cannot say certain words big brother is ungood when after long term of brainwashing. The accept the new language, and will think big brother is ungood is a contradictory argument, logically it makes no sense. The external environment is how brainwashing work. It is possible the social relation can be systematic control in management. Therefore, treats people as if they were simply objects rather than also as subject. (Grey, 2013, P99) Big brother is watching you. Slogan are everywhere on the streets of all cities. Family can always hear the partys propaganda in their home. The environment that Winston Smith face, when he speaks, party heard at any moment, the police will go to monitor people behavior as well. In this story, sex is an important issue. Sexual attraction is taboo in bureaucratic organizations but anger and competitiveness are normally condoned (Martin et al. 1998:434). Winston and his girlfriend began a sexual liberation at the beginning, which is an action to against the government. In the high political repression, sex is repressed. Conversely, sexual liberation brings a revolt to against the high-pressure politics. Winston described his girlfriend as a half of a traitor. Although she pursuits sexual liberation, she did not seem to seek liberation. She was party members, she knew the party would confound right and wrong and turn things upside down. Winstons girlfriend did not believe the party said, but will be still applauded warmly in every convocation. In personal, she is totally not believing it. What she thinks about is satisfaction from daily needs. In my point of view of society in 1984 can also be applied in the community nowadays to a certain extent. Think of our life now, everyone has a cell phone on hand. We like to share life now; everyone has a cell phone on hand. We like to share life with other. We automatically show our life to others instead Big Brother. Big Brother is everyone around us. Thank you for your attention. (1976 words) References: Abraham H. Maslow (1968)Toward a Psychology of Being-Reprint of 1962 Edition First Edition Start Publishing LLC an imprint of NBN Books on Jan 1, 1968 Bell,D(1960). The end of ideology (rev.ed.).New York, NY: Free Press Casey, C. (1995). Work, self and society after industrialism. London: Routledge. Grey, C. (2013). A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying organizations (3rd ed). London: Sage. MacIntyre, A. (1985). After virtue (2nd ed). London: Duckworth. Martin, J. (1990),re-reading Weber: searching for Feminist Alternatives to Bureaucracy, paper presented to the Academy of management in San Francisco McMylor, P. (1994). Alasdair MacIntyre: Critic of modernity. London: Routledge. Merton, R.K. (1940). Bureaucratic structure and personality. Social Forces, 18(4): 560-568. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a person: A psychotherapists view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin. Watson, T. J. (1994).In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos and Control in Managerial Work. London and New York: Routledge Weber,N.(1930), the protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London: Allen Unwin.(1978),Economy and Society: An outline of interpretative Sociology, ed. G.Roth and C. Wittich, Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press Stewart, R. (1997). The reality of management (3rd ed). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Biochemistry Research Paper -- Health, Diseases, Viruses, Bacteria
Toll-like receptors are proteins that play a significant role in the recognition of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, thereby initiating an innate response. The TLR family recognizes structurally conserve molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) derive from these viruses and bacteria. TLR7 have been shown to mediate the recognition of single stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, whereas TLR9 recognizes non-methylated CpG sequences in bacterial DNA molecules. However, the molecular mechanism by which non-methylated CpG DNA and ssRNA viruses activate the innate immunity is not well understood. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the cell response to vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) and bacteria DNA is mediated by TLR7 and TLR9. Through the generation of TLR7 and TLR9-deficient mice, it was determined that TLR7 are required for responsiveness to both vesicular stomatitis viruses and TLR9 recognizes bacteria DNA. Both TLR7 and TLR9 deficient mice did not show any response to single stranded RNA viruses and non-methylated CpG bacteria DNA including inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the in vivo ability of vesicular stomatitis viruses and CpG bacteria DNA to stimulate IL-12 secretion depended on the functional activation of MyD88 and IRAK. These results present evidence for the requirement of TLR7 for single stranded RNA viruses and TLR9 for non-methylated CpG bacteria DNA to induced cellular effects. Conversely, further results provide evidence that support the role for TLR7 and TLR9 to trigger vesicular stomatitis viruses and CpG bacteria DNA mediated signaling transduction resulting in the induction of the interferon response [266]. Introduction: The inna... ... bone marrow of WT, TLR7,TLR9, or MyD88 deficient mice and infected with VSV for 18hrs. IFN and IL-12 level were determined from culture supernatant by ELISA Lund, J.M.et al Conclusion: In justification with the previous study on TLR9 recognition of CpG DNA and initiating an innate immune system, Lund, J.M. et al have demonstrated that, together, TLR7 and TLR9 likely form a functional subgroup within the TLR family that recognize pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPS) in endosomal compartment. It is now clear TLR7 and TLR9 play a significant role in the recognition of vesicular stomatitis virus and CpG bacteria DNA, thereby activating the innate immune system. The experiments with TLR7 and TLR9 deficient mice have shown the essential role in the recognition of ssRNA by TLR7 and non-methylated CpG bacteria DNA by TLR9 respectively.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
The Problem with Being Gay Essay -- Personal Narratives Homosexuality
The Problem with Being Gay About a year ago one of my best friends and I bought some glow-in-the-dark stars to paste on my ceiling. After about four hours of neck-straining work, we shut off all the lights in my room, closed the door, jumped onto my bed and looked up to admire the green glowing wonders above us. After a few minutes of quiet talking, my friend said something that totally blew me away. It might have been that he was tired from the day's work, or maybe a little light-headed from all the dust and stucco we inhaled while placing those stars on my ceiling. Or maybe it was the darkness that made him feel as if he had some kind of security. But something about the situation made him say one of the most serious things he ever said to me. He turned to me, almost touching my face, and whispered in my ear, "I think I am homosexual." I responded almost immediately "Are you sure?" And we talked and cried that night for three hours, he about how his life would be totally ruined and all his hopes and dreams crushed if he really was gay, and I about how it was probably just a phase he was going through. So I decided to see what happened; to let time run its course and see what results it brought. And although the subject did come up a couple more times throughout our senior year, we never discussed it with as much seriousness as that night. I admit that at that time I was still controlled by the immaturity and superficiality of the high school years and was not as accepting of my friend's revelation as I could have been; as a good friend should have been. Conformity to the adolescent laws of popularity was a must, and it prevented me as well as him from being absolutely clear and aware of our feeling... ...-in-the-dark stars?" I said, "yeah†¦" and he said, "I AM, I'M GAY." As this huge burden was lifted off his shoulders, as his secret became mine, I felt a strange mixture of emotions run through me. I was speechless. I didn't know what to say. So I cried because I was both happy and sad. I know he was smiling when he told me that, but I soon realized that it was my fault that he never told anyone. He had held it in for an entire year because of my initial reaction and firm belief that it was just a phase. I figure that was my way of avoiding the subject at the time, but now I know that I am okay with my friend's sexuality because of my own feelings. And I am happy for him. But I still cry because I know that, in reality, his discovery and its social complications have changed the path of his lifelong hopes and aspirations, and that there is a rough road ahead of him.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Dynamics of Coalition Politics in India Essay
The most crucial problem that Indian democracy faces today is the political instability at Central level and state levels. The instability mounted as no single party getting a clear cut majority in forming the government due to the fractured political opinion of the electorate and swindling of multi –party system. Coalition politics has become an essential feature of present day Indian democracy. Theorizing politics of coalition in a polity of India’s size, diversity, and complexity is difficult task. Yet an attempt has been made in this study to make theoretical sense of Indian politics. The collapse of the national parties and mushroom growth of the regional political parties have forced India into the coalition mode. Due to the gradual decline of the congress dominance and presence of any viable alternative coalition building efforts has become inevitable. National Front 1989, the United Front of 1996, National Democratic Alliance of 1998, and the United Progressive Alliance of 2004 and 2009 were unavoidable and indispensable for the Indian democracy. In Indian federal structure, states are performing as a unit of central government and deal with subjects having direct, immediate, and intimate impact on the fortunes of the citizens. Therefore the study also attempts to answer the question whether the coalition framework in the context of Indian politics is good or bad for the country. At one extreme, there is always â€Å"the pride about majority governments†and at the other extreme, â€Å"the prejudice against coalition politics†. The balanced view, however, seems to have been the agreement that, â€Å"it should not be taken for granted that coalition governments, whether their type and stage of growth, are per se dysfunctional to nation building and effective administration, all the more because we are still travelling on the way to coalition making and there are several patterns of coalition politics in the country†. Hence, the question is not that â€Å"coalition governments are superior to majority governments or vice-versa†. What is to be done instead is to have an â€Å"empirical enquiry into the dynamics of coalition politics to replace normative myths with realistic formulations in regard to the efficiency of coalitional experiments in India. â€Å"Till then we should not come to any conclusion whether coalition politics is good or bad, and that coalitional politics and political development†. Presently, the decision makers, administrators, political and social scientists, and the citizens at large have been paying big attention to coalition politics. This attention has been arising due to political instability of the country because of the infighting among the coalition partners. Jayalalitha in 1998 and Giridhar Gamango in 1999 were responsible for the collapse of the coalition government at the centre. The country was forced to hold unwarranted elections. Both Jayalalitha and Gamango posed a great liability for the national exchequer. The citizens in general, are always in favour of a government who provides political stability. However, politicians and legislators have almost lost their trustworthiness, in the eyes of the people, due to their failure in providing stable governments. But the politicians defend themselves by changing the responsibility to the fractured verdict of the voters at the hustings. but both the people and politicians are equally responsible for the political instability of the country or in any state. Politicians are more responsible for such a political situation, because they have yet to institutionalize the coalition politics on a sound basis at the national as well as state level. Without giving true attention to this grave problem the politicians taking advantage of the hung parliament and hung state assemblies have resorted to unhealthy practices of horse-trading and floor crossing, in spite of the Tenth Schedule to the constitution of India. Therefore, institutionazing the coalition politics at the state and national level is the necessity of the day for political stability and development of the country. Definition of Coalition:- The term ‘coalition’ is derived from the Latin word ‘coalitio†which is The veral substantive of coalescere which means to grow together. However, as actually used, it somewhat belies it nominal meaning, ‘for the units or the elements brought into combination by a coalition very seldom grow together in any leteral sense. According to the dictionary meaning coalition means an act of coalescing, or uniting into one body: a union of persons, states: alliance. In the strict Political sense the word coalition is used for ‘alliance or temporary union into a single government of distinct parties or members of distinct parties3 In other words, it – ‘commonly denotes a cooperative arrangement under which istinct political parties, or at all events members of such parties u ~ t to form a government or mini~try’~ What is political coalition or Political alliance? Political coalition or political alliance is an agreement for cooperation between different political parties on common political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an election to mutually benefit by collectively clearing election th ree holds or otherwise benefiting from characteristics of the voting system or for government formation after elections. A coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (national unity governments, grand coalitions). If a coalition collapses a confidence vote is held or a motion of no confidence is taken. Coalition politics: A Theoretical Framework:- In a federal system, the states are affected and in turn affect the national system. While a proper understanding of the Indian political system depends to a very great extent on the assessment of political development in the states which are constituent units of the larger political system are conditioned by the nature of national politics. In appreciation of this mutual interacting role, the study of state government and politics is becoming popular. Coalition politics is another notable feature of the Indian party system, which affects both the centre and the state. In spite of the fact that the subject of coalitions is not of recent origin, it has not entrenched itself as a part of the literature on political science especially with regard to a theoretical understanding of the concept. In India, the study of coalitions is of recent origin though the play a major role in the politics of India. Both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government are run by the representatives of the political parties who have been elected through developments of the last two to Three decades have witnessed an upsurge in the writings on coalition politics. The Encyclopedia of social science (1972) has made an attempt to give a technical meaning through social scientists like William H. Riker and William A. Gamson. In the opinion of William H. Riker â€Å"The word coalition has long been used in Ordinary English to refer to group of people who come together (usually on temporary basis) to attain some end. Typically, a coalition has been regarded as a parliamentary or political grouping less permanent than a party or faction or an interest group. William A Gamson writes that, â€Å"coalition†to mean the joint use of resource is some weight such that some critical quantity of it in the control of two or more parties to the decision is both necessary and sufficient to determine its outcome. Participants will be said to be using their resources jointly only if they co-ordinate their deployment of resources with respect to some decision. As like any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and regions, and their core values the elections. Through the electoral process, the people of India choose which majority in the lower house; a government can be formed by that party or the coalition. Hypothesis: Coalition government does definitely provide a good and prosperous option at centre to form a government in India. Coalitions in India are likely to be inherently unstable unless there is minimum programmatic compatibility. Coalition is complementary to democratic processes, articulated not only in the ritualistic participation of the people in an election, but also in there day-to –day participation in governmental activities. In this fundamental sense, coalitions are unavoidable, and cannot be wished away as a mere ripple. Methodology: Descriptive and analytical methodology has been adopted. The study will be with a reference to the electoral politics of India mainly centred. Coalition politics in India: For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian national congress (INC), Politics in The states have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya janatha party (BJP), the communist party of India(marxist) (CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the won the election owing to public discontent with the corruption of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term. The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a ful l five-year term. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various parties and 15th Lok sabha election 2009 has produced another coalition government named as United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with congress as the largest member of the coalition. India has a multi-party system, where there are a number of national as well as regional parties. A regional party may gain a majority and rule a particular state. If a party represents more than 4 states then such parties are considered as national parties. In the years since India’s independence, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress (INC) for 48 of those years. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the controversial state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The Janata Dalwon elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-wing nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-leaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The 2004 Indian elections saw the INC winning the largest number of seats to form a government leading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by left-parties and those opposed to the BJP. In 2009 once again UPA won the elections and formed a government.
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