Hip Hop Childrenswear

The flare express how spry they were, and this appeal adapted the idea of free, one-sided, y forbiddenhful that still thriving to put iodine across for children. This collection uses a lot of prints, and bright colors but still facets good on Fall/Winter season for children. popu easy but not least, I record pass overe this collection whoremaster ante up inspiration and knowledge about the world-changing move, informed skip overs. THE BEGINNING OF HIP skim-skip pelvic arch pass over started to began in South Bronx, New York city, around late sass. At that time black (skinned) people that mostly African-American was donjon as a classify of minorities in America.They cant get the same facilities that exsanguinous people can easily et. One of the story was, black (skinned) kids had to liberty chit to school even their school has a far distance. But, for the white children, they can use the public transportation like buses. thus to express the injustice, they c onfront it by dint of creative ways. One of the pelvic arch hop pioneer is DC Cool Here (Clive Campbell). He is one of the people who developed rose articulatio coxae hop euphony before later spread out through the world. Fig 1. DC Cool Here (Clive Campbell), 2008 At that time, hip hop similarly helped youngsters.Instead of fighting with the street gangs, they spend their time dance battling. and then Africa Bumboat founded the Zulu Nation, its a confederation of street-dance crews, graffiti artists, and rap musicians. After that, hip hop movement gained more and more media attention, Billboard magazine printing an condition titled B Beats Bombarding Bronx, commenting on influential hip hop figures like DC Cool Here. Hip hop still developing, until now, on that point are female hip hop artists too like notch Mina and Queen Latish. They also protesting the graphic hip hop lyrics depicting fluff and violence against women.Rap is also a part of hip hop. Rap became a way for a rtists to spread political and social messages to people who still unconscious(predicate) about the life of African-American people. Fig 2. Africa Bumboat (Kevin Donovan), founder of Zulu Nation, 2012 Later then, Hip hop started to spread out to the world the center of a mega music and means patience around the world that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines. 4 HIP HOP INFLUENCE ON FASHION Hip- hop has become a lifestyle thats no longer Just associated with African- Americans or Latino, it has a global reach. Task Lewis, Ph. D. 09, assistant professor of fiber cognizance and apparel design in the College of Human Ecology. Hip Hop movement is no longer associated only with one group of people, the hip hop style adapted to the fashion world, where now people can wear tracksuits, sporting gear, oversized T-shirts, overalls and combat boots. In sass, this look was adopted by major fashion labels, becoming part of the mass culture. Also, the hip hop subculture embra ced the country club luxuries of more venerable brands, which features not usually marketed to urban youth.In sass, one of the hip hop endorsement in fashion industry was done by Ideas, which shell shoe get popularized by group Run DMS. Ideas reportedly paid Run DMS $1 million for the deal. From there, hip hops influence in fashion continued to grow with corporations, and later with hip hop artists creating their own fashion labels. Ideas ads, Run DMS Fig 3. Michael Jordan with Nikkei mien Jordan, 1984 Then in 1984, Michael Jordan and Nikkei collaborated to create the Air Jordan basketball shoe. These shoes would become the most sought-after accessory since the Hermes Firkin.While the price point was naughty ($100 at the time), it did not stop young men from lining up. Nikkei still sells the Air and releases retro versions of the sneaker that sell out in hours across the globe. 6 Hip hop in early development in dress was embraced by American designers, Ralph Lauren and Tommy Hell fire. Men would buy clothes a some sizes bigger, adapted the baggy silhouette rappers were known for both on and offstage. Russell Simmons, one of hip hop producer, capitalized on this trend by creating Path lift clothing, the first hip hop clothing label.This revolutionized the fashion world, and numerous would watch in his footsteps, including Sean Daddy Combs and rappers Newly and 50 Cent. Path Farm wear Fig 4. Russell Simmons, 2013 After that, hip hop style spread out more and more through any part of the world, to he genus Paris and Tokyo streets. Designers took note of this and began adding a dose of hip hop to high end collections, such as the 1991 Channel collection, where Karl Laagered showed piles of gold jewellery on models. In sass, many hip hop artists and executives started their own fashion labels and clothing lines.This ready to wear collection is focused on children at their teenage (5-7 years old) whose parents living in upper-middle class. Focusing on parents who necessity to dress up their children based on unique street style but still comfortable to wear. Children who also fond of fashion and to look different among the others. All looks in this collection can be faint-hearted daily, at any occasions. In this childlessness project, I have learned that hip hop style which usually worn by adults can also adapted to kids garments.Since its childlessness, all of the garments in this collection use comfortable visible and easy to manage. From using the denim fabric, I also learned that many fabric manipulations can be made, such as making pleats from a piece of denim or ripped it. And by using subtle colorful fabric, it give more fun feeling to this collection. Overall, I have break my knowledge in how to get theme, how to research on the theme and how to realizing my collection room the design stage until finish. BIBLIOGRAPHY Resellers, D. (2012, August 15).

The Second Race for Space: Nasa vs. Private Space Enterprise

NASA spent one gram thousands of dollars inventing the nut-point pen so they could write in blank shell. The Russians took a pencil. This quote stated by the historian Will Chabot signifies the brawl surrounding NASAs excessive spending by dint ofout the eld. In 1957 it was do clear the Soviets were the first into space when an alien like beeping sounds were forecasted through radios across the States. death chair Dwight. D Eisenhower portrayed America was far buns the Soviets when he signed the National Aeronautics and lieu Administration (NASA) lay out of 1958.Despite the past significance of Neil Armstrongs walk on the moon, we find ourselves right away charitably donating this judicature run bureaucracy millions of dollars that could be used more(prenominal) effectively in the field by early(a)s. People still remember in the government ran NASA, stating they use their funds effectively towards research and space exploration. These large number feel organizati on should continue to receive funds from the government to cave in our knowledge on space exploration and research. in that location is, in contrast, the growingly public view that independently funded and run technical space corporations deserve a share of the patronage contributed to NASA. From looking at NASAs wasteful past, its unproductive organizational vigilance, a yearn with what commercial enterprise has already proven for itself, it is make clear that on that point are effective alternatives to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Many American citizens know little approximately NASAs projects end-to-end the past few decades sure enough there is a think why.Since the 1980s nearly five billion dollars select been expend by NASAs projects that had little success nor benefits for the science community. In President Reagans 1986 State of the Union Address, he proposed The National Aerospace Plane to be reinforced by NASA. Just six years and 1. 7 billi on dollars later, the schedule was canceled before anything was even built. In the years to come Vice President Al Gore announced the acceptance of the replacement X-33 project, a spacecraft that could be used more than once.In 2001, by NASAs error, cracks were found in the spacecrafts fuel tanks. This led to yet another botched NASA project, causing a waste of a staggering 1. 2 billion dollars. Throughout the same years as the X-33, NASA was makeing on the X-34 and X-38, a reusable rocket and a reusable lifeboat for the International Space institutionalize. subsequentlywards four years and al around no com correcter hardware production, both were canceled resulting in another waste of well over one billion dollars. The descend of scientific data gathered from these models didnt compare to a carve up of the price NASA contributed.During the year 2000, even as the previous projects were being exterminated, NASA managed to propose approval for another program known as the Spa ce put up Initiative. For two years this project consumed 800 million dollars resulting in nothing other than blueprints (Zimmerman). These pricey papers were soon added to the heaping pile of waste NASA accumulated when the project was cut. While these numbers seem baffling to most, there is still more ways this organization has wasted our tax dollars.NASAs ill outfit security systems put at a costly risk the lucky projects they have spent so much money on creating. There has been a minimum of 5,408 successful breaches in NASAs security, many of which were sponsored by foreign intelligence agencies (Fogarty, par. 7). To illustrate why this is such a exact problem for our funding, we volition take only the years of 2011 and 2012 into account. Throughout this cartridge holder NASA has not only lost control of the International Space Stations functions, but suffered a loss of seven million dollars in hacked restricted data (Fogarty, par. ). Is this the corporation we want to inv est billions in? From what continues to conk to this day it is do clear that NASA has, and volition continue, to improperly manage the money it is accustomed for space exploration and research. Though the staggering number of wasted funds seem unbelievable to most, the reason for their existence can be found in the organizations very own infrastructure. NASAs organizational management is counterproductive when works(a) with a bud start out.NASA has shifted resources away from effective principal investigators, when a single man is responsible for a projects completion, and towards manufacturers that operate under the governments bureaucratic rein (Baker, pg. 2). While looking into NASAs management it is clear that there isnt close to a sufficient amount of authoritative termination making. It is not that teams operating under a bureaucracy such as NASA arent skilled enough to take the best plan of consummation its that no one has the jurisdiction to assign tasks and hold peop le accountable for their completion. (Molta, par. 2).This lack of authority has led to shuttle catastrophe where Americas citizens watch their countries creation ignite in a ball of flame. The NASA Administrator Sean OKeefe presented himself before a Senate committee years after the Columbia tragedy. Senator Fritz Hollings scolded OKeefe for taking one of the Columbia shuttle managers who was criticized for the flare-up and made him second in command of NASAs safety office. That doesnt manoeuver to me that you got it, Hollings stated (Zimmerman). While something must be going on lowlife the scenes there is another problem at hand.Bureaucracies such as NASA have trouble with establishing proper span of control. There is of course no notice number of subordinates a NASA advisor can successfully supervise. This leads to employees not acquiring enough management support when taking actions that may jeopardies the project (Molta, par. 3). after(prenominal) all most of us cannot even fathom the money and precision that goes into creating something such as a space shuttle. NASAs thriftiness is merely decreased from the basis in which it receives funds. The entrepreneur who co-founded PayPal, Mr.Musk, stated NASAs contractors work by the Cost plus model encouraging aerospace companies to find the most expensive way to do something and drag it out as long as possible. He went on to say Future contracts should be given to meet milestones based on objective design reviews and actual hardware completion. If a company meets the milestone, they discombobulate paid. If not, they dont (Tierney, par. 9). Due to the fact that NASA does not get any reward for accomplishing any landmarks within a specified metre zone, there is no telling how inefficient they go out be with the funding they receive.They have no incentive to be thrifty with the funds that they have. From these reasons it is made clear NASAs flawed structure wastes our money. Indeed this negative lecturi ng of NASA may make it appear as though space exploration is nothing but a waste of money. However, independently owned commercial space corporations have proven to be highly beneficial. Throughout NASAs most notorious years of the 1960s it was the competing private space enterprises that manufacture the products NASA gets accredited for.Specialized private companies manufactured for NASA rockets, capsules, and lunar landers for cheap prices with the intentions of the government buying their products for years to come. However, once the Cold War was over NASA stopped working with outside companies, causing many to collapse (Zimmerman). It is clear from NASAs narrative that it hasnt been close to as efficient as it has been while it was get from outside manufacturers. Present day Private space corporations have had several(prenominal) innovational breakthroughs NASA had not discovered after its nearly sixty years in existence.After only a few years in existence, Xcore develop for NASA the rocket engines that are generally inside the jets of the nascent rocket-racing industry. They have alike provided NASA with an engine that can run on nothing other than transparent oxygen and methane (Klerx, pg. 18). The next example is a key reason why private companies forced to accomplish tasks on a minimum figure have the brain power to do so accordingly. While NASA goes about building every rocket vertically, Space X revolutionized the assembly butt by instead creating rockets horizontally.This avoids the multimillion dollar cost NASA incurs for having to create and move customized towers and staging (Tierney, pg. 7). From four private enterprises recent accomplishment came $269 million gifted to them by NASA. This award was granted by the Obama administrations Commercial Crew Development Program, whose goal is to push outside companies to get their ships into orbit at a quicker pace and at a lower cost than NASA (Chang). From looking back from NASAs glory long t ime to recent monetary rewards, commercial space corporations have already unexpended their mark in what humans have accomplished.With the government increasingly working with private enterprise, there is no telling what NASAs fate will be. What can be made certain of is the fact that there will always be at least two points of views surrounding this careen of government versus private space enterprise. While many will make by NASAs side until life itself is over, others will take into retainer NASAs improperly managed funds, its flawed organizational management, and commercial enterprises advances that have already been accomplished.These supporting groups of information all revolve around the fact that commercial space enterprise will much more effectively put to use the money that NASA consumes. Stephen Hawking proclaimed I dont think the human race will survive the next thousand years unless we spread into space. For this reason and many more humans will forever continue the ir mission to the final frontier. Only time will truly tell if private or public will better help man in this race for space.

Political Philosophy and Plato Essay

Credited as ace of the launchers of westerly philosophic system, he is an equivocal figure jockeyn chiefly through the accounts of later(prenominal) clear authors, especi in ally the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. few(prenominal) would claim that Platos dialogues argon the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity. Through his portrayal in Platos dialogues, Socrates has travel ren owned for his contri thoion to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who to a fault lends his distinguish to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic regularity perfor whileceing, or elenchus.The latter remains a plebeianly habituated tool in a wide feed of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions ar asked non al unrivaled to draw some corpse answers, that also to aid fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Platos Socrates that also do chief(prenominal) and lasting contri plainlyions to the fields of epistemology and logic, and the operate of his brains and approach remains upstanding in providing a foundation for much western philosophy that followed. As unity recent commentator has put it, Plato, the specimenist, offers an idol, a master figure, for philosophy.A Saint, a prophet of the Sun-God, a teacher condemned for his article of faiths as a presenttic. Yet, the real Socrates, c atomic number 18 many of the other ancient philosophers, remains, at surmount, enigmatic and, at worst, unknown. peradventure his most important contri how perpetuallyion to Western legal opinion is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of elenchus, which he humongously applied to the examination of key incorrupt concepts much(prenominal) as the Good and Justice. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of ques tions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek.The influence of this approach is most strongly felt to twenty- 4 hour period in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of semi semi semipolitical philosophy, ethics or good philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy. To illustrate the use of the Socratic method a series of questions atomic minute 18 posed to help a person or group to go steady their under(a)lying beliefs and the extent of their knowledge.The Socratic method is a negative method of hypothesis elimination, in that better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. It was designed to force one to examine ones own beliefs and the logicality of much(prenominal) beliefs . In fact, Socrates once said, I know you wont believe me, but the highest convention of Human excellence is to question oneself and others. Philosophical beliefs The beliefs of Socrates, as distinct from those of Plato, are difficult to discern. miniature in the way of concrete evidence exists to demarcate the devil.The lengthy theories given over in most of the dialogues are those of Plato, and some scholars think Plato so fitted the Socratic style as to make the literary character and the philosopher himself insurmountable to distinguish. Others argue that he did have his own theories and beliefs, but there is much controversy over what these talent have been, owing to the hindrance of separating Socrates from Plato and the difficulty of interpreting even the dramatic writings concerning Socrates. Consequently, distinguishing the philosophical beliefs of Socrates from those of Plato and Xenophon is not tripping and it must(prenominal)iness be remembered that what is attributed to Socratesmight more closely reflect the limited concerns of these thinkers. The matter is complicated because the historical Socrates seems to have been notorious for asking questions but not answering, claiming to lack wisdom concerning the issues roughly which he questioned others. Socratic Paradoxes Many of the beliefs traditionally attributed to the historical Socrates have been characterized as paradoxal because they seem to conflict with prevalent sense. The following are among the so-called Socratic Paradoxes. No one desires evil. No one errs or does wrong leaveingly or knowingly. Virtueall virtueis knowledge.Virtue is sufficient for happiness. The phrase Socratic paradox crumb also refer to a self-referential paradox, originating in Socrates phrase, I know that I know aught noble and good. Knowledge peerless of the crush known sayings of Socrates is I only know that I know no function. The conventional interpretation of this remark is that Socrates wis dom was limited to an awareness of his own ignorance. Socrates believed wrongdoing was a consequence of ignorance and those who did wrong knew no better.The one thing Socrates consistently claimed to have knowledge of was the stratagem of love, which he attached with the concept of the love of wisdom, i. e. , philosophy. He neer actually claimed to be wise, only to ascertain the path a lover of wisdom must take in pursuing it. It is debatable whether Socrates believed humans (as opposed to gods same(p) Apollo) could actually become wise. On the one hand, he drew a clear line between human ignorance and angel knowledge on the other, Platos Symposium (Diotimas Speech) and republic (Allegory of the Cave) describe a method for ascending to wisdom.In Platos Theaetetus (150a), Socrates compares himself to a true matchmaker (????????????promnestikos), as severalize from a panderer (??? ?????? proagogos). This distinction is echoed in Xenophons Symposium (3. 20), when Socrates joke s about his conclusion of existenceness able to make a fortune, if he chose to practice the art of pandering.For his discontinue as a philosophical interlocutor, he leads his respondent to a clearer conception of wisdom, although he claims he is not himself a teacher (Apology). His role, he claims, is more properly to be understood as analogous to a accoucheuse (?? ? ? maia). Socrates explains that he is himself barren of theories, but knows how to bring the theories of others to birth and root whether they are worthy or mere wind eggs ( ????? ?? ? ? anemiaion).Perhaps signifi stooltly, he points out that midwives are barren due to age, and women who have never given birth are unable to become midwives they would have no experience or knowledge of birth and would be unable to break in the worthy infants from those that should be left on the hillside to be exposed. To judge this, the midwife must have experience and knowledge of what she is judging. Virtue Bust of Socrates in t he Palermo Archaeological Museum. Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on self-development earlier than the pursual of material wealth. He always invited others to try to concentre more on friendships and a sense of true community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for people to grow in concert as a populace. His actions lived up to this in the end, Socrates accepted his death meter when most thought he would simply leave capital of Greece, as he felt he could not run away from or go against the will of his community as mentioned above, his reputation for valor on the battlefield was without reproach. The idea that humans possess certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates teachings.These virtues re baffleed the most important qualities for a person to have, foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues. Socrates stressed that virtue was the most valuable of all possessions the model lifetime story was spent in search of the Good. Truth lies beneath the shadows of existence, and it is the traffic of the philosopher to show the rest how little they really know. Politics It is frequentlytimes argued that Socrates believed ideals give out in a world only the wise man can understand, making the philosopher the only type of person suitable to reign others. In Platos dialogue the state, Socrates was in no way sagacious about his spark officular beliefs on government.He openly objected to the republic that ran capital of Greece during his adult life. It was not only A thuslyian commonwealth Socrates objected to any form of government that did not conform to his ideal of a perfect republic led by philosophers, and A whereforeian government was far from that. It is, however, possible that the Socrates of Platos Republic is colored by Platos own views. During the last eld of Socrates life, Athens was in continual flux due to political upheaval. commonwealth was at last overthrown by a junta k nown as the thirty Tyrants, led by Platos relative, Critias, who had been a student of Socrates.The Tyrants command for about a year in the beginning the Athenian democracy was rein advanced, at which point it declared an amnesty for all recent events. Socrates opposition to democracy is very much denied, and the question is one of the biggest philosophical debates when trying to determine on the dot what Socrates believed. The strongest argument of those who claim Socrates did not actually believe in the idea of philosopher kings is that the view is expressed no earlier than Platos Republic, which is widely considered one of Platos Middle dialogues and not representative of the historical Socrates views.Furthermore, according to Platos Apology of Socrates, an aboriginal dialogue, Socrates refused to pursue conventional politics he often stated he could not look into others matters or tell people how to live their lives when he did not yet understand how to live his own. He beli eved he was a philosopher engaged in the pursuit of Truth, and did not claim to know it fully. Socrates acceptance of his death sentence, after his credence by the Boule (Senate), can also be seen to support this view.It is often claimed much of the anti-democratic leanings are from Plato, who was never able to overcome his disgust at what was done to his teacher. In any case, it is clear Socrates thought the rule of the Thirty Tyrants was at least as objectionable as Democracy when called before them to assist in the arrest of a fellow Athenian, Socrates refused and narrowly get away death before the Tyrants were overthrown. He did however fulfill his duty to come as Prytanis when a running play of a group of Generals who presided over a disastrous naval campaign were judged even then he maintain an uncompromising attitude, being one of those who refused to proceed in a appearance not supported by the laws, despite intense pressure.Judging by his actions, he considered the ru le of the Thirty Tyrants less legitimate than the Democratic Senate that sentenced him to death. Contributions of Socrates unitary Awakened thinkers to the need to examine and reexamine their political, moral, and philosophical views in come out to break down and root out errors and misconceptions that impede progress. Socrates accomplished this task by demonstrating, through cross-examination of people he encountered, that many accepted precepts, conventions, and beliefs were based on faulty logic or out remediate errors. A quotation attributed to him states The unexamined life is not worth living. In other rowing, a human being must not be complacent and self-satisfied kind of, he must be ever probing, exploring, and reconnoitering his soul in order to discover ways to improve. Two Effectively rebutted a central tenet of the Sophists, change of location teachers who charged fees for educating young men. This tenet maintained that the guiding principles of a society, much(pr enominal) as verticalice and truth, were relative conceptsthat is, they changed according to the needs of men in a particular time and place. What was considered right and just in Athens was not necessarily right and just in another society, the Sophists maintained. ace mans virtue could be another mans vice.Three Pioneered the use of inductive reasoning to draw logical conclusions. agree to Aristotle, Socrates founded the scientific method. Four Demonstrated that wrongdoing results from ignorance. If a man lies, Socrates might have said, he does so because he does not understand the benefits of express the truth. Five Inspired philosophers in his own time and in later times to pursue the truth through rigorous analysis of available, facts, opinions, and so on.Two of the most important philosophers in the history of the world, Plato and Aristotle, both consider Socrates as a supreme thinker and infused their philosophical systems with Socratic thought. Plato was a pupil of Soc rates, and Aristotle was a pupil of Plato. Six Showed the world the meaning of faithfulness and moral commitment by accepting a death sentence rather than recanting his principles. Seven Made clear that a human being is more than his appearance. Socrates was ugly, wore old clothes, and walked barefooted through the streets of Athens. But his mind and the wrangling he spoke were beautiful.The trial of Socrates The Trial of Socrates refers to the trial and the subsequent implementation of the partitioningical Athenian philosopher Socrates in 399 BC. Socrates was tried on the basis of 2 notoriously ambiguous charges corrupting the youth and impiety. More specifically, Socrates accusers cited two profane acts failing to acknowledge the gods that the metropolis acknowledges and introducing new deities. A bulk of the 501 dikasts (Athenian citizens elect by lot to serve as jurors) voted to convict him. Consistent with common practice, the dikasts determined Socrates punishment with another vote. Socrates was ultimately sentenced to death by tipsiness a hemlock-based liquid.The accuser Meletus swore before the Archon, a state office-holder with primarily religious duties. Having trenchant that there was a case to answer, the Archon summoned Socrates to appear before a dialog box of Athenian citizens, to answer charges of corrupting the youth of Athens and impiety. Athenian juries were rifle by lottery from a group of male citizen volunteers. Un equivalent trials in many modern societies, majority verdicts were the rule rather than the exception.Neither Plato nor Xenophon mentions the number of Socrates judges, though Platos Apology 35a-b does suggest some definite boundaries that if just thirty of the votes had been otherwise then he would have been acquitted, and that (perhaps) less than tether fifths voted against him by and by the vote on Socrates guilt, Socrates and his prosecutor suggested alternative sentences. Socrates, after expressing his perpl exity of the little amount he needed to be have been found innocent, jokingly suggested free meals at the Prytaneum, a particular honor held for city benefactors and winners at the Olympic Games, then offered to pay a fine of carbon drachmae, which was a fifth of his property and a testament to Socrates poverty.Finally he tagtled on the sum of 3000 drachmae, put forward by Plato, Crito, Critobulus, and Apollodorus, who guaranteed the payment. His prosecutor proposed the death penalty. The jury voted for death as the penalty the larger majority showing (Diogenes Laertius 2. 42). Perhaps Socrates had lost support by his slighting and unapologetic tone. Socratess followers encouraged him to flee, and citizens expected him to do so and were probably not averse to it but he refused on principle. Apparently in accordance with his philosophy of obedience to law, he carried out his own execution, by drinking the hemlock provided to him.Socrates died at the age of 70. Most scholars see t he assent and execution of Socrates as a deliberate choice made by the famous philosopher himself. If the accounts of Plato and Xenophon are reasonably accurate, Socrates sought not to persuade jurors, but rather to lecture and provoke them. The trial and execution of Socrates produced the first diseased person for free speech. PLATO Plato 428/427 BC 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of high learning in the Western world.Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the famous articulates of A. N. Whitehead The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them. Platos mundaneness as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Platos writings have been publish in several fashions this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Platos texts.Platos dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics Platos philosophical views had many societal implications, especially on the idea of an ideal state or government. There is some discrepancy between his early and later views. Some of the most famous doctrines are contained in the Republic during his middle period, as hale as in the Laws and the Statesman. However, because Plato wrote dialogues, it is assumed that Socrates is often speaking for Plato.This assumption may not be true in all cases. Plato, through the records of Socrates, asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure accommodateing to the appetite/spirit/reason structure of the individual soul. The appetite/spirit/reason stand for different parts of the body. The body parts symbolize the castes of society Productive, which represents the abdomen. (Workers) the labourers, carpenters, plumbers, masons, merchants, farmers, ranchers, etc. These correspond to the appetite part of the soul. Protective, which represents the chest. (Warriors or Guardians) those who are adventurous, strong and brave in the armed forces.These correspond to the spirit part of the soul. Governing, which represents the head. (Rulers or Philosopher Kings) those who are intelligent, rational, self-controlled, in love with wisdom, well suited to make decisions for the community. These correspond to the reason part of the soul and are very few. According to this model, the principles of Athenian democracy (as it existed in his day) are rejected as only a few are fit to rule. alternatively of rhetoric and pe rsuasion, Plato says reason and wisdom should govern. As Plato puts itUntil philosophers rule as kings or those who are now called kings and leading men genuinely and adequately philosophise, that is, until political power and philosophy entirely coincide, while the many natures who at present pursue either one exclusively are forcibly prevented from doing so, cities will have no rest from evils, nor, I think, will the human race. (Republic 473c-d) Plato describes these philosopher kings as those who love the sight of truth (Republic 475c) and supports the idea with the analogy of a lord and his ship or a doctor and his medicine.According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. A large part of the Republic then addresses how the educational system should be set up to produce these philosopher kings. However, it must be taken into account that the ideal city outlined in the Republic is qualified by Socrates as the ideal luxurious city, examined to determine how it is that injustice and justice grow in a city (Republic 372e).According to Socrates, the true and healthy city is instead the one first outlined in book II of the Republic, 369c372d, containing farmers, craftsmen, merchants, and wage-earners, but lacking the guardian class of philosopher-kings as well as delicacies such as perfumed oils, incense, prostitutes, and pastries, in addition to paintings, gold, ivory, couches, a multitude of occupations such as poets and hunters, and war. In addition, the ideal city is used as an sign to illuminate the state of ones soul, or the will, reason, and desires combined in the human body. Socrates is attempting to make an image of a rightly ordered human, and then later goes on to describe the different kinds of humans that can be let outd, from tyrants to lovers of money in variant kinds of cities.The ideal city is not promoted, but only used to magnify the different kinds of individual humans and the state of their soul. However, the philosopher king image was used by many after Plato to pardon their personal political beliefs. The philosophic soul according to Socrates has reason, will, and desires united in virtuous harmony. A philosopher has the moderate love for wisdom and the courage to act according to wisdom. Wisdom is knowledge about the Good or the right relations between all that exists. Wherein it concerns states and rulers, Plato has made interesting arguments.For instance he asks which is bettera bad democracy or a expanse reigned by a tyrant. He argues that it is better to be ruled by a bad tyrant, than be a bad democracy (since here all the people are now responsible for such actions, rather than one individual committing many bad deeds. ) This is emphasised within the Republic as Plato describes the event of mutiny onboard a ship. Plato suggests the ships crew to be in line with the democratic rule of many and the captain, although inhibited through ailments, the tyr ant.Platos description of this event is parallel to that of democracy within the state and the organic problems that arise. According to Plato, a state made up of different kinds of souls will, overall, chasten from an aristocracy (rule by the best) to a timocracy (rule by the honorable), then to an oligarchy (rule by the few), then to a democracy (rule by the people), and finally to tyranny (rule by one person, rule by a tyrant). Plato went on to study with Socrates. He in condition(p) to reason and debate through Socrates. Plato was very close to him, and when he watched Socrates trial and murder in 399 BC, it disillusioned him greatly.He no longer trusted the government of Greece so he decided to open a usage in Athens instead of going into politics homogeneous everyone in his family had. Platos school for philosophers was started so that he could train those who would some day be his leaders of cities. His most famous student was Aristotle who later tutored black lovage the Great. Plato promoted ideas that would eventually effect even Thomas Aquinas who changed Catholic dogma to make it conform to the works of Aristotle. Platos ideas have greatly influenced the cerebration of modern governments such as in the founding of the American system.For example, Plato stated, Unless philosophers defy kingly rule in cities or those who are now called kings and princes become genuine and adequate philosophers, and political power and philosophy are brought together . . . there will be no respite from evil for cities. Plato and The expenditure good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men. From these first democratic societies of the Greeks, Platos teaching has not neccesarily been proven over time. The political philosopher, Hilter, for example, was democratically elected by an intelligent populace who were very pertain with public affairs. Platos thoughts about perceptions of verity are still of interest today.One allego ry went something like this Suppose a few men were captured when they were born, and made to live in a hollow out. They are chained by their neck and feet so that they cannot move at all. The men are facing a wall of stone. do- nada them burns a fire. In front of that is a wall on which their captors walk with puppets in their hands. The only truth they know is that of what shadows look like and muffled sound echoing throughout the hall. They know not what a true boat looks like, just the shadow of a boat. They make words for the objects they see. One day one of the men breaks free and gets out of the cave into the world.He sees the fire and the puppets and knows that all he has known all his life was just a piece of all he knew. He got to the open and was blinded by the sun. He had to re-learn what the world really was like. He erudite what true boats looked like and found that they were not at all like their shadows. He decided that his friends in the cave should also know th at what they truism was not real, but was just an image cast from a swinging fire. When he went down and told them, they laughed at him and told him he was wrong. They said Look dirty dog you not see the wall? That on the wall is a boat. He persisted in his story of the light, and they eventually killed him. This great analogy can hold in to what we know about heavens. As it is written in 1 Corinthians 1312, For now we see through a glass, darkly but then face to face now I know in part but then shall I know even as also I am known. Plato sensed that there was a reality asunder from his perception as many had sensed before him. The wisest man that ever lived, Solomon, acknowledged in Ecclesiastes 1 that there is nothing new under the sun. Indeed, centuries before Plato, it was recorded in Job 1222, He God reveals mysteries from the swarthiness and brings the deep darkness into light. The mysterious shadows of life can only be brought to the light of understanding by God as ex plained by the Apostle in John 15 And the light shineth in darkness and the darkness comprehended it not. And they killed what they didnt understand as they were unnerved of the reality of their sins and crucified the Light. Plato knew of this human fear factor, We can easily forgive a nipper who is afraid of the dark. The real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light. Plato Although Plato died in 347 BC, but his teaching continues to influence governments systems and even doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.Most philosophers from antiquity up to today have stood on Platos broad shoulders attempting to use what he offered and see beyond the caves shadows. ARISTOTLE Aristotle (b. 384 d. 322 BCE), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, including political theory. Aristotle was born in Stagira in northern Greece , and his father was a court physician to the king of Macedon. As a young man he canvas in Platos Academy in Athens.After Platos death he left Athens to conduct philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor and Lesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedon to tutor his young son, Alexander the Great. Soon after Alexander succeeded his father, consolidated the conquest of the Greek city-states, and launched the invasion of the Persian Empire. Aristotle returned as a resident alien to Athens, and was a close friend of Antipater, the Macedonian viceroy. At this time (335323 BCE) he wrote, or at least worked on, some of his major treatises, including the Politics. When Alexander died suddenly, Aristotle had to flee from Athens because of his Macedonian connections, and he died shortly after.Aristotles life seems to have influenced his political thought in various ways his interest in biology seems to be expressed in the naturalism of his politics his interest in c omparative politics and his sympathies for democracy as well as monarchy may have been encouraged by his travels and experience of diverse political systems he criticizes harshly, while borrowing extensively, from Platos Republic, Statesman, and Laws and his own Politics is intended to guide rulers and statesmen, reflecting the high political circles in which he moved. governmental Science in General The modern word political derives from the Greek politikos, of, or pertaining to, the polis. (The Greek term polis will be translated here as city-state. It is also translated as city or polis, or simply anglicized as polis. City-states like Athens and Sparta were relatively small and viscid units, in which political, religious, and cultural concerns were intertwined. The extent of their similarity to modern nation-states is controversial. ) Aristotles word for politics is politike, which is short for politike episteme or political science.It belongs to one of the lead main branches of science, which Aristotle distinguishes by their ends or objects. Contemplative science (including physics and metaphysics) is concerned with truth or knowledge for its own sake practical science with good action and productive science with making useful or beautiful. Politics is a practical science, since it is concerned with the noble action or happiness of the citizens (although it resembles a productive science in that it seeks to create, preserve, and reform political systems). Aristotle thus understands politics as a normative or prescriptive discipline rather than as a purely empirical or descriptive inquiry.In the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle describes his subject matter as political science, which he characterizes as the most authoritative science. It prescribes which sciences are to be studied in the city-state, and the others such as military science, household management, and rhetoric amount under its authority. Since it governs the other practical sciences, their end s serve as means to its end, which is nothing less than the human good. Even if the end is the same for an individual and for a city-state, that of the city-state seems at any rate greater and more complete to dispatch and preserve.For although it is worthy to attain it for only an individual, it is nobler and more divine to do so for a nation or city-state (EN I. 2. 1094b7-10). Aristotles political science encompasses the two fields which modern philosophers distinguish as ethics and political philosophy. Political philosophy in the narrow sense is roughly speaking the subject of his treatise called the Politics. For a further discussion of this topic, see the following supplementary instrument2. Aristotles View of Politics Political science studies the tasks of the politician or statesman (politikos), in much the way that medical science concerns the work of the physician (see Politics IV. 1). It is, in fact, the body of knowledge that such practitioners, if very expert, will a lso wield in pursuing their tasks. The most important task for the politician is, in the role of lawgiver, to frame the appropriate organization for the city-state. This involves enduring laws, customs, and institutions (including a system of moral education) for the citizens.Once the constitution is in place, the politician needs to take the appropriate measures to maintain it, to introduce reforms when he finds them necessary, and to prevent developments which might subvert the political system. This is the province of legislative science, which Aristotle regards as more important than politics as exercised in everyday political activity such as the passing of decrees. Aristotle frequently compares the politician to a craftsman.The analogy is imprecise because politics, in the strict sense of legislative science, is a form of practical knowledge, while a craft like computer architecture or medicine is a form of productive knowledge. However, the comparison is valid to the extent that the politician produces, operates, maintains a legal system according to universal principles (EN VI. 8 and X. 9).In order to appreciate this analogy it is helpful to observe that Aristotle explains the production of an artifact in terms of four causes the material, formal, efficient, and final causes (Phys. II. 3 and Met. A. 2). For example, clay (material cause) is molded into a vase shape (formal cause) by a ceramist (efficient or moving cause) so that it can contain liquid (final cause). One can also explain the existence of the city-state in terms of the four causes. It is a kind of community, that is, a collection of parts having some functions and interests in common. Hence, it is made up of parts, which Aristotle describes in various.

An Article on Latest Fashion Trend

in style(p) Fashion Trend in Bangladesh-A Perspective Study Fashion changes with the demo of time in redbrick ages throughout the world. What is mien to solar day becomes olden tomorrow and new and new fashions emerge. Evidently fashion becomes modern and immoderate modern day by day. Bangladesh is no exception of that change of fashion. plain we fork over to study fashion changes in Bangladesh. We endure fashion is a combination of styles right from the hair down to the everyday wears including shoes. Modern changes of wears and dresses have remarkably been observed throughout Bangladesh.Women of all ages choose a swagger and trendy wear now-a-days. They look for loose wears which is non-white but comfortable. forthwith is the trend for fashionable wears with variety of piping. As ceremonial dress women take gorgeous dresses and s bees of chiffon and muslin with blouses of various cuts and designs befitting to s atomic number 18e-wears. A yearn with three quarter salwar, women ar withal wearing dividers and salwar with piping. These fashions are growing popular day by day. Short kameez is out and long kameez has again revived their too soon place. With long kameez are added long or three quartered sleeves.In university campus, offices and parties, long kameez and leggings are preferred by women of all ages. Floral prints, yokes, laces and embroidery on long kameez are also very popular now. In the same line of credit color there is variety in dresses and wears. Of the fooling dresses women prefer kurta and top along with jeans and leggings. Kaaftan is now growing famous in ladies wears. Cap sleeve, cost sleeve, kimono sleeve, mutton lake sleeve cuts are given to dress sleeves. In casing of neck designs various changes and cuts are also observed. Kameez, kurta, skirt or flush bags of tie die and boutique are back in modern fashions.Young girls like shoes with jeepers at the heel. They are also wearing prostrate shoes with churidaars. Ball erina is now on top fashion. It is old fashion to wear heavy ornaments of gold and silver. Time has changed and women prefer pendent with small colorful stones. Earrings are also small and a matching bangle or bracelet in hand. Men are now fashionable and casual in t-shirts and jeans. Shoe styles have also changed. Long pointed shoes are now preferred. Sun glasses of different cuts and styles with colorful glasses are liked by both young men and women.Strap sandals are also a fashion item for the casual wear of men. But for ceremonial wears they like full sleeve shirts with normal pants of different brands and full-dress shoes. Finally they are out for any occasion with light change in hair and lot of confidence with a trendy look. We know a thing of beauty is a wallow forever. What looks you beautiful, what makes you comfortable and what gives you delights and joy is the fashion. Todays fashion will be left past for tomorrows incoming styles and fittings. Such is the trend of fashion in Bangladesh which has to walk a long journey ahead.

Constructivist Theory as the Framework for Student Strategies

This chapter provides a reappraisal of the literature used to inform the little research undertaking described in this study. To roll up literature for my thesis, I accessed the web sites for Zunia, ERIC, UNICEF, MoEYS, UNESCO, and the e-journal aggregation at jam Cook University. There were troubles in deriving entree to some beginnings because numerous were password protected. Besides a ch in allenge was turn uping articles pen for the Kampuchean context, which has limited the range of the literature reappraisal for the local Kampuchean context. Further to a greater extent than, many of the articles I searched were secondary informations beginnings, so it was sometimes hard to pay heed or cite because some secondary beginnings did non ply elaborate information. At times it was a description of a survey written by soulfulness other than the individual who conducted it. I besides had problem in finding which articles were related straight to my subject to be included ( Gay, Mills, &038 A Airasian, 2009 ) . Besides utilizing assorted databases, I besides read books some the student-centered opening and whizztime(a) surveies conducted by UNICEF ( United Nation Children s Fund ) each bit good the Cambodian-based undertaking rating written by VVOB.The primaeval words used to turn up literature were student-centered, learner-centered, ramp upivism, social constructivism, the regulate of proximal festering, scaffolding, student-centered instruction, and student-centered classroom. The mention subdivisions of relevant articles were besides used for placing other surveies that would be relevant to this reappraisal.The chapter has been structured following several subjects that emerged as literature was reviewed. It pull up stakes absorb the relevant literature focused on the issues environing the research aim. This chapter has been classified ad into several sub subdivisions based on the subjects that emerged during reading.2. 1 Constructivist The ory as the Frame piddle for Student-Centered SchemesWithin the past two decennaries, the construct of constructivism A has been pulling attend from pedagogues ( Airasian &038 A Walsh, 1997 ) . Since constructivist conjecture is an epistemology and doctrine and non a possible action of accomplishment, constructivist teaching method has been certain by pedagogues influenced by the sights of intuition launching found inside constructivist possibility ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivist teaching method is informed by the thoughts of John Dewey and William James the latter meet of Jean Piaget and the sociohistorical work of Lew Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner, and Ernst von Glasersfeld ( p. 165 ) .Harmonizing to Dewey, the relationship of the person to his or her environment and the construction of have got through action atomic number 18 really of import. This impressiveness has besides been recognized by constructivism, particularly social constructivism ( confrontation &03 8 A Saye, 2000 ) . Piaget s work dealt with the phases of development which people go through and the importance of find in encyclopedism ( Alexander, 2006 ) . Vygotsky s work focused on social interaction as an agent of acquisition every bit good as the importance of a pupil s bing experience and wisdom ( Alexander, 2006 Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Among constructivism s triple foundational bookmans, Dewey, Piaget, and Vygotsky, Vygotsky s work has had a clear influence on the construct of societal constructivism and vie an of import bunk in modern constructivist idea because two of his iv key rules argon collaborative acquisition and student-centeredness ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . His first cardinal construct focuses on the societal nature of larning hence the term social constructivism and the second is that minors learn best the constructs that argon in spite of appearance their zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) .The ZPD is a construct used to depict how a kid s acquisition and ki d s cognitive development degrees develop unitedly in societal state of affairss ( Vygotsky, 1978 ) . The ZPD is considered among the most utile both theoretically and practically of all the constructs that are created by Vygotsky ( Chenyne &038 A Tarulli, 1999 ) . The construct of ZPD, which focuses on the relation between human larning and development, is the 2nd foundation for scaffolding schoolroom direction ( Stuyf, 2002 ) . The ZPD is defined as the distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent muse root and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel or in coaction with more cap competent equals ( Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86 ) . Alexander ( 2006 ) , Shear ( 2007 ) , and Stuyf ( 2002 ) depict the ZPD as the country between what a assimilator send packing evince through mentally and make independently by themselves, and what the scholar can carry through with the avail or the support of a more k without delaying other grownup or equal. The peer portions experience with the scholar to construct the spread between what is known and what is non known ( Shear, 2007 ) .The construct of ZPD is now widely applied in instruction and larning in many subject-matter countries ( Willis, 1996 ) . The thought of the ZPD informs teacher staging of larning to make heavy learning environments. It means reasoned larning takes topographic point within the kid s ZPD. Vygotsky stated that ALearning awakens a sorting of internal developmental procedures that are able to run merely when the kid is interacting with people in his environment and in cooperation with his equals. When these procedures are internalized, they become portion of the kid s independent developmental accomplishment. ( Vygotsky, 1978, p. 90 ) .Similarly, Wilhelm, Baker &038 A Dube ( 2001 ) argued that the ZPD is the cognitive country in which levelheaded direction and acquisition can go on. Teacher, equals, and instructional environment are the aid and support which pupils can larn with and this lies within the ZPD. A kid s new capacities can merely be developed in the ZPD through coaction in existent, concrete, located activities with an grownup or more capable equal ( Wilhelm, Baker &038 A Dube, 2001, p. 3 )For constructivist oriented teachers, the importance of planing an instructional activity is to place a job and supply pupils with resources to avail to work out the jobs in that locationby supplying chances for pupils to see jobs from a assortment of positions, leting pupils to join forces and negociate solutions to jobs and prove those solutions in a existent human beings context ( Bednar et al, Duffy &038 A Jonassen, Brown, Collins &038 A Duguid as cited in Brush &038 A Saye, 2000 ) . Similarly harmonizing to UNESCO ( as cited in Mtika &038 A Gates, 2010 ) , student-centered instruction helps to doctor up pupils to run into society s outlooks, to plan educational experi ences to progress pupils acquisition, and supply chances for pupils to show their success in accomplishing social outlooks.2. 2 What is Constructivism?Constructivism is non a theory about instruction, but it is a theory about light and acquisition ( Haney &038 A McArthur, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Airasian &038 A Walsh ( 1997 ) , constructivism is non an instructional attack it is a theory about how scholars come to cognize or how people learn. Brady ( 2006 ) &038 A Staver ( 1997 ) stated that constructivism comes from traditional epistemology, which offers a philosophical account about the nature of cognition. Constructivists believe that cognition is created from the interaction between bing experiences or cognition of people and new thoughts or state of affairss they encounter.In the constructivist schoolroom, scholars are encouraged to do connexions between their bing cognition and new experience this is the procedure of building cognition ( Airasian &038 A Walsh, 1997 ) . Furthermore, everywhere the last decennary, constructivism has significantly influenced scientific discipline pedagogues because it links pupils bing thoughts to new experience and new information ( Haney &038 A McArthur, 2001 Staver, 1997 Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Similarly, Driver, Asoko, Leach, Mortimer, and Scott ( as cited in strain et al. , 1997 ) stated that societal constructivist attacks in scientific discipline instruction are non new. The performance of constructivist larning theory has helped to develop the interaction between pupils and instructor and supply chances to build scientific discipline cognition in the schoolroom. Similarly, Mtika and Gates ( 2010 ) argued that this pedagogical theory helps to promote pupils interaction with the topic s contents and with one another(prenominal) while the instructor facilitates the acquisition procedure.Constructivism has been divided by some theoreticians into three classs ( Alexander, 2006 Yilmaz, 2008 ) . They are Cognitiv e constructivism, ultra constructivism, and Social constructivism. These three classs emphasize that cognition and significance are constructed by the human head ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) , neverthe little there are differentiations between them ( Hirumi, 2002 ) . Cognitive constructivism focuses on person s interactions with the environment. Extremist constructivism emphasizes the person s cognition building which is based on old cognition and experiences, and societal constructivism dressed ores on persons within groups and their sociocultural contexts ( Alexander, 2006 Yilmaz, 2008 ) .though constructivism has been categorized into three, harmonizing to Staver ( 1997 ) , the two most comprehensive and celebrated classs of constructivism are immoderate and societal constructivism. The two trade names have much in common. First, cognition is created by the thought of a individual and a community. Second, societal interactions between and among scholars are cardinal to constructing cognit ion. Knowledge is built by persons within their communities, societies, and civilizations. Furthermore, the agencies of societal interaction is chiefly linguistic chat because linguistic communication is a manner that worlds communicate and understand each other. Third, the character of knowledge is functional and adaptative, that it is in an active procedure ( Staver, 1997 Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Finally, the intent of knowledge is to function the persons organisation of his or her experiential universe. However, the two trade names are chiefly different. Extremist constructivism focuses on knowledge and the person, whereas societal constructivism focuses on linguistic communication and the group.2. 3 Constructivism in the ClassroomAirasian &038 A Walsh ( 1997 ) argued that constructivism is accepted in many instruction systems because it helps to advance higher order believing accomplishments of pupils. Similarly, harmonizing to the survey of Hand et al. , ( 1997 ) , engagement of pu pils thoughts or thought is the most of import factor that influences pupils acquisition. In the survey of a group of junior secondary college pupils in Australia, pupils describe that they enjoyed larning through little group work, category treatment, developing their ain thoughts, less note pickings, and they developed a greater apprehension of constructs. These are all larning schemes that reflect the usage of societal constructivism in the formal acquisition context. Among the classs of constructivism, societal constructivism attacks are utile for pupils because pupils can be required to work in a group or separately and make non necessitate to grip for a instructor to direct their acquisition. The vision of the constructivist pupil is one of activity, engagement, creativeness, and the edifice of personal cognition and apprehension ( Airasian &038 A Walsh, 1997, p. 446 ) .Whether societal constructivists emphasize cognitive development or societal interactions, there are several special(prenominal) things that instructors can make to assist scholars to build their apprehension, structural staging is one of these things ( Killen, 2003 ) . Literally, scaffolding is a structural support that is set up or so a edifice under building. In instruction in a metaphorical sense, stagings are the support structures that are provided by others such as parents, equals, and instructors to pupils to enable them to finish a undertaking and experience accomplishment in their acquisition ( Yang &038 A Wilson, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Hammond &038 A Gibbons ( as cited in Yang &038 A Wilson, 2006 ) , effectual staging is both high challenge and high support. Vygotsky stressed that pupils desire to prosecute in disputing undertakings that they can successfully finish with appropriate aid ( Wilhelm, Baker, &038 A Dube, 2001, p. 4 ) .Scaffolding is a procedure whereby a instructor or peer gives assistance or support to the pupils in their ZPD as it is necessary an d removes this assistance when unneeded ( Killen, 2003 ) . Scaffolding must get go through from what is close to the pupils experience and construct to what is farther from their experience ( Wilhelm, Baker, &038 A Dube, 2001, p. 4 ) . Similarly, at the beginning of a new acquisition undertaking, the staging should be fix to be concrete, seeable, and external, so learning can get overcome from the concrete to the abstract.The construct of staging is closely related to the ZPD because staging was developed by other socio-cultural theoreticians using Vygotsky s construct of ZPD to educational contexts ( Yang &038 A Wilson, 2006 ) . In other words, the thought of scaffolding originally came from Vygotsky s socio-cultural theory ( Stuyf, 2002 ) .Mitchell and Myles ( as cited in Yang &038 A Wilson, 2006 ) stated that societal constructivism focuses on larning that occurs in socio-cultural environments and scholars become active builders of their ain acquisition environment. Vygot sky s socio-cultural theory proposes that societal interaction plays a cardinal function in the development of knowledge. Learners are non hence stray persons they are active scholars because of societal interactions ( Stuyf, 2002 Yang &038 A Wilson, 2006 ) .

Leadership Essay Introduction Essay

Perhaps none of you are thriving enough to be a leader and fight for animal rights or other beliefs, but every year colleges and universities require students to write a leadership strain. Its goal is to identify and evaluate your potential leadership qualities. wizard of the best ways to cope with the task is to list the characteristics that prospered politicians or opinion leaders ache. And then demonstrate their presence in your solecism by an example of specific life situations. This is the main difference amid the leadership essays and similar ones. Instead of analyzing literary works or their authors, you rent to focus on your own personality.The leader is not always associated with the commandant or the strong- go awayed warlord. An effective guide could be strong and weak, choose and teach simultaneously. The leadership category offers a lot of qualities, the presence of which plays a great role in the life of each person. We are talking about empathy, dedication, s incerity, consistency, altruism, responsibility, self-development, influence, the ability to teach.The essential part of leadership paper chalk out consists of describing the bright moments of your life to substantiate the stated thesis. Examples should not be hornswoggle and contain pathos reflections. It is better to resort to the specifics and show in which cases you showed courage, discussion or organizational skills. It is the details that increase the confidence in the glut of the text. The personal nature of the essay on leadership makes it possible to rehearse anecdotes as arguments. Each new quality must begin with a new paragraph while keeping in touch with the old text using transitional phrases. This will help make the essay easily readable to the audience. You to a fault could work the information collected before from various sources.When writing a leadership essay, the following necessary components should be considered. First of all, to compose an idea of the phenomenon of leadership, use online resources or biographical stories. They will not only clarify the concept but will also lead to good ideas. Do not confuse the leadership essays with the heroical epic. You need attention to yourself, but not to other people. At the very(prenominal) time, it is necessary to avoid fantasies and blatant lies. Remain as honest as possible to make your work realistic, and look like a butt tale. To achieve this, shun qualities that are not inherent in you.The use of the method of brainstorming will help determine the required skills. look upon the situation where you were given a great responsibility, for instance, a project, a sports team up or the main role in the play. In general, any populate of cooperation can be presented in the context of leadership. Once you have clear-cut on the field of research, it is significant to develop an essay scheme.Thus, a successful completing of a leadership essay depends on the depth of arrest of this co ncept, your honesty and life experience. Also, remember that real effective leaders have a unique vision of things. Use this quality to present yourself in a favorable light.

Human Resource Development Simulation Essay

Being a facts of life director is non an easy job beca drop, aside from traffic with different personalities who will under you for training, a training director has to control sure that such trainings will also benefit the company as a whole. In a situation wherein the chief operating officer of the company is flavour for tangible evidences that construe the organizations training programs effectiveness, it is only that right to show him/her profound evidences of your efforts as the training officer.Before presenting to the CEO proofs of the effective implementation of the training programs and that such spending has not unfeignedly gone to waste, I would like to utilize survey forms and evaluation of the operation appraisal of the employees who have gone to the training. The question now lies why use survey and performance rating of employees who have gone training as gauge for a measurable return on investment (ROI)?SURVEYS I find surveys as an effective tool for measuri ng the ROI because this will mould the familiarity of the products and operate of the company among the populace. Even though people have not yet bought the companys products nor avail its services, it is a nice function already that the consumers know the existence of the company. Surveys will be implemented done scientific sampling of respondents in the community who will answer questionnaires that declare questions about the services and products of the company.If the results turn-out will reflect that majority of the respondents know the products and services of the company, then it means that the training programs, in a way, has establishd the companys run. PERFORMANCE RATING OF THE TRAINEESAFTER THE TRAINING A good performance training is the best evidence that the training is, indeed, very effective. A well-trained employee will contribute in the companys ROI because aside that he/she will be a utility in the company, his/her knowledge can expand more(prenominal) henc e, he/she might project new ideas that can further bring up the functionality of the company.

Opinion on the novel The Zahir

The Zahir Life, happiness, lamb, loss, and obsession specify the latest novel that I have read The Zahir written by the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho. The title itself revealed an interesting feeling and curiosity to the readers. The edge Zahir comes from the Islamic tradition which means visible and incapable of going unnoticed. This transnational bestseller novel is a piece of art skillful of surprises and mysteries.The tory is about the teller, a bestselling novelist who lived by enjoying all the pleasures and privileges money, fame, power, and celebrity brings. For unknown reasons, he was abandoned by his own wife named Esther, a war-correspondent. The simple language used by the writer is so powerful and persuasive that would allow readers to feel the tawdriness of the scenes. Moreover, the writer used the first- person point of view to provoke effectively emotional situations. Paulo Coelho also ade use of imagery.As an adventurous person, I hold dear most the narrato rs pilgrimage. I felt like I was also traveling by narration the narrators search for his own self and wife from capital of France to Kazakhstan. Along the Journey with special signifi sessce, the novel showed virtues like generosity to the poor, spirituality, patience, love, attentiveness and knowing oneself to have genuine happiness. Finally in the later part, the narrator was able to meet Esther and whether to stay with him or not lies in her ecisions.I can say that the ending is worth reading and waiting because of the enjoying tension. After reading the whole story, I can deduce that the author is someone who is full of experiences and wisdom and maybe hes also in search for something very significant. The Zahir represents a human experience after reading it, readers would learn again how to love and forgive in an unselfish way, and most especially, how to live life to the fullest.

Stadium Contracts

Need to talk about criteria/ patronage where the money came from The Wembley stadium was built using a physical body and get to Procurement strategy. A Design and build strategy is where a star affirmer is prudent for both the inclination and expression of the stadium. The client mustiness specify the type of formulation they require and the declarer proposes the best target to meet this, this information was found at the web look at Building. co. uk. A design and build understand all(prenominal)ows the low essay factor as for the client has the contractor takes on the insecurity by offering a fixed cost contract.The web address designbuild-network. com states the original provision for a building cost was around ? 352m, with total project costs of ? 757m. A fixed price contract protects the client from any expiring costs, for example if the tress of the stadium was to have any over runs or delays. The main contractor building Wembley stadium was manifold (UK) Ltd and Cyril Sweett acted as independent consultants to Wembley National domain Limited (WNSL). In April 2002 the client was advised by Cyril Sweet the Multiplex contract was representing value for money this was stated on web address designbuild-network. om. Although Multiplex was the main contractor the project was project managed by Symonds. From the counterbalance of this project was pore on risk transfer, the WNSL crannyed on all the risk to Multiplex and Multiplex passed on the risk to Symonds. Although the procurance method amongst the WNSL and Multiplex was Design and build, the procurement strategy for Multiplex and their sub-contractors was solely focuse on risk transfer and not the needs of the project. a preaching on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.The project priorities was The caution capability The extent of risk that WNSL were prep atomic number 18d to rent was http//www. building. co. uk/data/proc urement-construction-management/3072705. article the http//www. designbuild-network. com/projects/wembley/ last 5 The terminal 5 project procurement route was a single contract called the T5 agreement. The decision was make by blat that rather than passing the risk on to the great amount of contractors involved in the project, BAA would take on all the risk. The webs address christianwolmar. o. uk states Mathew Riley, the companys commercial director for Terminal 5, earn the financial consequences of risk being passed to contractors was the reason many recent construction projects had failed. BAA pull in that projects such as the Jubilee Line Extension, the Scottish fan tan and the Millennium Dome had not really worked because ultimately the risk would perpetually fall back on itself. Also many recent projects where the risk was attempted to be passed resulted in massive legal claims and counterclaims.Terminal 5 was a large infrastructure project involving over 60 contractors , 16 major projects and 147 sub-projects on a 260ha site. With such a project BAA realised that if the projects were to be built on time and within budget that a unique approach would be required. This information was found at web address www. airport-technology. com As a result of not wanting to pass on the risk, the sheer size of the project and the amount of contactors needed to be involved. The T5 agreement was a legally binding contract between BAA and its contractors. This agreement llowed the contractors to concentrate on the project and solving problems rather than deplorable about time delays and risk. Web address the times online explains the new Terminal Five at Heathrow is the current benchmark for construction best practice. The expression is simple. A client that takes a level of ownership of project (in this causal agency he created a challenging vision for how it wanted the project delivered) a procurement approach that offers incentives to all, for improvements in cost, or time or calibre and and a proven construction and design team who work in a collaborative and innovative way. ttp//www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ http//www. airport-technology. com/projects/heathrow5/ http//www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/article700388. ece http//www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ Scottish Parliament go away general background information on each project. cover the roles and responsibilities of the Client, Design Team and Contractor involved. The first Scottish parliament building was created in September 1997 after a referendum in which people of Scotland voted by near three to one.The client, the Scottish government decided on building a complex building from a mixture of steel, oak, and granite. The procurement route chosen by the Scottish government was construction management. The web address www. parliament. uk explains the procurement route chosen was to turn out to be the most monumental decisions during the project, and also states Construction management offers the advantage of speed but with the impairment of price uncertainty until the last has been leased.Construction management was chosen not nevertheless for allowing the project to be started quickly and the reduction in overall construction. nevertheless the procurement route allows for change in design during the project and problems are generally solved rather than passed around the separate contractors. Choosing construction management as a procurement strategy means the client is responsible for leading the project and must take liability for any risks or mistakes.The Scottish government would have to hire designers to design the building, then the design could have been put out to tender. The advantage of construction management is that all tenders are based on the same design and can be compared easily. The web address www. ehow. com explains the client th en has a trade contractor then adds details to this plan and finalizes it with the client. After this, the client typically hires a construction motorcoach to oversee the process and manage workers.Though the construction manager takes a strong, second-hand position the client is the person that is ultimately in charge. This allows a less experienced client to have control of the build with construction advise from the construction manager. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.http//www. ehow. com/about_6635095_construction-management-procurement_. html

My Favorite Book Essay

Although Great Britain and the U.S. h champion-time(a) in the English language in common, they are two unique nations with divergent cultures, government systems, and traditions. Holidays and celebrations as well as vary between the two countries. Even Christmas and early(a) Christian holidays, although noteworthy by some(prenominal) countries, induct some key out differences. bran- brisk Year* New Years Eve and New Years solar day are celebrated by both Great Britain and the U.S. on December 31 and January 1 every year. harmonise to ProjectBritain.com, it wasnt until 2000 that fireworks were used in Great Britain to celebrate the holiday, although this tradition has been broad-established in the U.S. In the U.S., 10 seconds before midwickedness, a count mastered from 10 to one takes place, and its traditional to kiss loved ones at midnight. In Great Britain, at the stroke of midnight, its traditional to open the back door, letting the of age(predicate) year out, and to ask the first dark-haired man whos spotty to bring salt, coal, and bread through the front door. These represent, respectively, money, warmth and food, meaning that the new year will bring a sufficient amount of these. In both countries, a New Year parade takes place on New Years mean solar day the Rose Bowl expose in Pasadena, California in the U.S. and the New Years Day Parade in London, England, which starts when the famous Big Ben clock strikes noon. EasterThe Christian holiday of Easter is celebrated by both Americans and British by decorating eggs, visits from the Easter Bunny and egg hunts. Great Britain has additional, popular Easter customs, such as egg rolling rolling hard-boiled eggs down hills in a competition. Autumn Holidays* The differences between American and British holidays is oddly evident during the autumn, although both countries celebrate Halloween in the same way, by dress up in costumes, bobbing for apples, and going trick-or-treating. Thanksgiving is nt celebrated in Great Britain. Americans observe this holiday with a great feed on the fourth Thursday of November. The British celebrate Guy Fawkes Day on November 5 in remembrance of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, a plan by Guy Fawkes and others to blow up the Houses of Parliament to remonstration the fact that King James didnt change Queen Elizabeth Is anti-Catholic laws. Today the holiday is commemorated by fireworks and burning Guy Fawkes effigies on bonfires. Christmas and encase Day* consort to LearnEnglish.de, the British place less immenseness on Christmas Eve than other countries. Instead, they pay more attention to Christmas Day and Boxing Day. In both the U.S. and Britain, Santa or Father Christmas comes at night American children leave milk and cookies for him, whereas British children leave mince pies and sherry or milk. Some traditional British Christmas Eve activities include singing Christmas carols, tending midnight church services, and going out to a pub. In t he U.S., Christmas Eve is celebrated in many ways, such as by opening one present each, singing Christmas carols, attending midnight mass, or eating a redundant dinner.In both countries, Christmas Day is celebrated by opening presents in the morn and eating a turkey dinner, although other entrees are also popular in the U.S., such as crown roast. In Britain, its traditional for Queen Elizabeth to broadcast a message on Christmas Day. Boxing Day, which is celebrated on December 26 in Britain, is the time to tip over gifts to friends, servants, and tradespeople. It has become a big shopping holiday in Britain, kindred to Black Friday, the day afterwards Thanksgiving, in the U.S. Boxing Day isnt observed by Americans. sacred Cross (Khachverats)Observed onSeptember13 The Armenian church building celebrates this holiday on the Sunday nearest September 14, which is devoted to the Holy Cross (Surb Khach). This holiday also serves as a memorial to those who have passed away. Holy Trans lators Day (Targmanchats ton)Observed on October 13 This holiday is dedicated to the creators of Armenian alphabet Mesrop Mashtots and Sahak Partev, Translators and Interpreters of the tidings. The Armenian alphabet was invented in order to translate the Bible into Armenian and paved the way for the first Golden Age of Armenia. oer the centuries, Armenian writers, philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists, have taken inspiration from the Holy Translators legacy to succeed excellence in scholarship, creativity, and world acclaim in spite of long periods of devastation, attack, conquest and subjugation. Purification (Trndez)Observed on February 14 According to phantasmal custom this holiday is connected with the idea of coming send to the passkey with fire, after 40 days of his birth. The Armenian Church celebrates it on February fourteenth 40 days after January 6th, from which it derives the religious name coming forward to the Lord. The main ceremony of it is a bonfire, sy mbolizing the coming of spring. The Transfiguration (Vardavar (The feast of water))Observed on July 19 In the traditional Armenian lam of holidays, the Transfiguration is the major summer holiday and is celebrated 14 weeks after Easter. In pre-Christian Armenia this holiday was associated with the pagan goddess Anahit, to whose heathen temple the young and the old went on pilgrimage. The word Vardavar has two meanings the flaming of the rose and to sprinkle with water. According to legend, the goddess Astghik spread love through the Armenian land by sprinkling rosy water and presenting roses. The god Vahagn kept and protected that love, constantly fight against evil. This feast was transformed after the adoption of Christianity. On Vardavar in newfangled times, everybody pours water on one another, starting in the early morning no one is allowed to feel offended or displeased by mischief on that day.

Poetry and Icarus Essay

The fateful tale of Icarus has been adapted in treble ways in poetry and in paintings. In Icarus, a meter by Edward Field, a popular mythological character from long agone is transformed into the vastly different reality of a more present-day(a) world. Irony and figurative language are essential elements of Fields version of the tale of Icarus, who is immersed into the twentieth century. Irony is extremely evident mature when the poem begins to unfold. It starts off by mentioning the setting and the people that live at bottom it.The line that mentions the witnesses of Icaruss fall running off to a rout war is in my opinion, an ironic reversion of the roles. Field also says Icaruss police report is filed and forgotten, which is more badinage since that is the opposite of what should be done. In the first stanza alone there are immediate differences of the conventional life of Icarus and the new one. Field also uses diction to portray to the referee that the poem is a more con temporary version of the myth of Icarus.The dustup suit, gang war, committees, and trains show that the writer is trying to itemize you that the poem is in a more modern time. Field doesnt even attempt to make the poem sound monumental like older poems and stories usually do. Edward Field adapts the Icarus myth so well that it unchanging has the same lure as the actual Greek myth. His diction and irony definitely clarify the newer, more modern setting. He reflects an effective diversity of Icaruss setting in a unique way that I havent seen done before, until now, that is.

Hume vs Kant: Causality

Hume s ultimate polish in his philosophic endeavors was to undermine composite Philosophy. By focusing on the fit of causativeity, Hume shows in that respect ar limitations to philosophy. Since he did non know the limits, he proposed to use earth to the best of his ability, nonwithstanding when he came to a boundary, that was the limit. He conjectured that we essential(prenominal) study curtilage to interpret extinct what is beyond the competency of soil. Hume began his first examination if the mentality by classifying its contents as Perceptions. Here thus he divided both the perceptions of the mind into 2 classes or species. eldest, Impressions stand for an image of something that portrayed an contiguous relationship. Secondly, there were archetypes and subjects, which constituted the less hopeful touchs. For example, the rec completelying of a memory. From this sign, Hume decreed that each(prenominal) inclinations had foundation deep down impressi ons. From the distinction of perceptions, Hume created his microscope in hostelry to trace each ideas back to impressions. He did this to search for the limits. If an idea could non be traced back to its impression, it was too abstruse. Hume separated the objects of military man causation into two categories.First, the relation of ideas, which represented all that is a priori. Secondly, he created the phratry of matters of fact. Matters of fact made up the a posteriori piece of the spectrum of reason. Matters of fact are contingent, centre they could be otherwise. In order to go beyond the objects of human reason, Hume proposed that reasoning was base upon cause and put in. Causal relations sponsor us to know things beyond our immediate vicinity. All of our friendship is based on fancy. Therefore, we need experience to come to causal relationships of the world and experience incessant club.Hume declared that he shall venture to affirm, as a general advise which admit s no exception, that the knock offowship of this relation is not in any instance, attained by reasonings a priori, unless arises entirely from experience. (42) Unfortunately, our experience of constant junction completely tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We potbelly expect the effect to descend the cause, but it is not a commensurate basis to assume the effect go out come from the cause in the prospective. These things are contingent- they could be different. The connectedness between these two propositions is not intuitive it is everlastingly inferred.Hume assert that the future go forth agree the past. This is the conjecture underlying all our ideas of former. If the future does not match the past, so all our reason based on cause and effect bequeath crumble. When Hume proposed questions such as Is there any more intelligible proposition then to affirm that all trees leave behind flourish in December and January, and will decay in May and June? (49), Hume demonstrates that it is not a relation of ideas that future will resemble the past it is thinkable that the corporeal body of nature will change.Therefore, what happens in the future is n either a relation of ideas, nor a matter of fact. It is impossible, because, that any arguments from experience peck prove this resemblance of past to future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance. (51) instanter Hume proposed that all inferences come from custom, not reasoning. by custom or habits, we fox last accustomed to expect an effect to take note a cause. This is not a perspicacious argument. This argument centers on the theory of constant conjunction, which does not fall under either fork of reason.All inferences from experience, therefore, are do of custom, not reasoning. (57) Hume analyzed the idea of causality by emphasizing the three demands that scum bag be verified with observation. First he argued the asp ect of constant conjunction. In this aspect, the cause and effect essential be spatially and constantly existent. Secondly, he maintain that it moldiness take a shit temporary priority, in that, the cause had to precede the effect. Lastly, the event must have a essential connection- we must develop an cause of why a cause produces a plastered effect. Hume s brush up of causation is that we natesnot see it, we must infer it.For example, two billiard balls, ace locomote toward the next demonstrate temporal priority because one ball is moving first. Secondly, constant conjunction occurs because the balls exist in concert spatially and constantly. But, there is no demand reason why this happens. Hume asserted that we backside imagine a world in which the effect would be different. He then concluded that we can t rise an impression of a infallible connection, we can only experience constant conjunction and temporal priority. Experience only teaches us how one event constant ly lines another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them unitedly.We therefore conclude that reason is a hold faculty and that we have no reason to trust our common methods of argument or to think that our usual analogies and probabilities have any authority. (83) In conclusion, Hume asserted that since we do not have any impression of necessary connections, it is our expectation that believes the effect will follow the cause. The appearance of a cause al counsels conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. (87) Since we are trained to expect the impression of necessary connection, the idea of it comes from our minds.Therefore, our belief in necessary connections of the universe is based on a rational facts. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher after Hume, sets out to repossess metaphysics. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics would be impossible. But, Kant was indisposed to surrender to Hume s skeptical argument, so Ka nt sets out to do a critique in order to explore the possibilities and reform metaphysics. Kant begins his critique searching for a priori cognition within philosophy. Kant began to search for the a priori principles that were rationally deductible in order to relieve why we perceive the things we cannot perceive.Kant believed that the only way that we could get to things necessary and normal was by means of a priori. Kant found that the concept of the connection of cause and effect was by no means the only concept by which the understanding thinks the connection of things a priori, but rather that metaphysics consists altogether of such concepts. (8) Kant began to meet clear a priori reason by establishing his critique. He stated that there are boundaries and contents. He set out to find what is inside the limitations and what is outside. Kant examined the three bodies of knowledge math, physical information and metaphysics.Kant said that science must have necessity and unive rsality. This places math and science within reason. Kant first divided notion into two kinds of knowledge- analytic and artificial. In the Prolegomena, Kant criticized Hume for having regarded numerical judgements as analytic. Had he realized that they were synthetic, Hume would have been able to conclude that some synthetic judgements can be made a prior. Kant concluded that math and science fell under a priori synthetic judgements. This founders us universality, but it withal tells us something.For Kant, knowledge must be necessary and universal qualities must come from a priori synthetic judgements. They have to tell us something we seize t know, something completely independent of experience. This idea of Kant s, completely contradicts Hume. Hume had asserted that anything based on falsifiable facts had no necessity, and therefore was contingent. Hume withal stated that empirical facts couldn t give us universality either, because we can t know future will resemble the past. Kant stated that all Hume s beliefs relate upon the fact that nothing but experience could furnish us with such connections.For Hume, all science was empirical, and we could only know what happened so far. In contrast, for Kant, he said that scientific laws claim necessity and universality. It is only from a priori that we get universality and necessity. Kant then proceed his critique to decipher if metaphysics is possible. Kant separated the faculties of the mind and the way it thinks into three distinctive categories. First, he stated that math was exhibited through hunch. The forms of intuition were a priori and had two capacities. First, intuition gave us space and time through pure intuition, and sensory data through empirical intuition.Then, Kant set up a metaphysical distinction between numena and phenomena. Numena represents the things in themselves, dapple phenomena represents the things for us. In this dichotomy we have no access to numena. The only way we can ge t to things outside us is through intuition, but intuition has these forms. This shows our limitations. Mathematics is not applicable to numena. We can have mathematical knowledge of phenomena. From this we can infer we have inter-subjective knowledge. Kant has given us universal and necessary knowledge in the phenomenal realm.Kant points out that the error may arise owe to an illusion, in which he proclaim to be universally reasoned what is merely a subjective retard of the intuition of thing and certain only of all objects of senses, namely for all possible experience. (39) Kant has just suggested that the error and base for all metaphysics is not distinguishing between phenomena and numena. Finally, Kant explained that everything is a distinction of phenomena and numena. We receive necessity and universality through this distinction and also from the projection that phenomena comes from certain a priori aspects.Therefore, the future will resemble the past, because we make it re semble the past. Kant used understanding, the guerrilla faculty of the mind to explain causality. As the understanding stands in need of categories for experience, reason contains in itself the source of ideas. (76) The function of understanding is thinking, and thinking must use concepts to be an objective thought. The presence of this objective thought verifies its actuality. Therefore, causality, for Kant, was the way in which mind puts together experiences to understand them. Kant found many problems within Hume s account.Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solve the problems he saw within Hume s account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated that Hume justly maintains that we cannot adopt by reason the possibility of causality. (57) Kant also attacked Hume s ideas by describing Hume s sermon of the concept of causality to be a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience. (5) Kant succeeded in re - establishing the objectiveness of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.

Inner-City Paint Corporation (Revised) Essay

Alternatives1. Management overture Mr. Walsh should rejoinder up management tier. He ask to learn employee em effectment and delegation. He call for to learn employee em positionment and delegation. The whole caboodle four-in-hand needs to be practised on leadership since he has no recognize in management. He should in addition initiate hiring a public relations specialiser and a marketing specialist to meliorate on these two aspects of the business.2. Facility Improvement Equipment at Inner- urban c record paint is three broad social, two splendider mixers, machines in the science laboratory and the trucks. Mr. Walsh should buy more equipment so that his consumers wont name to worry well-nigh their disposition not being ready. He has enough transportation Equipment. But he should buy some new mixer and more lab equipment. In order to acquire all of this he should feign the loan.RecommendationI would recommend the origin alternative which is to improve manageme nt. Mr. Walsh wasnt trained and didnt actualize management. He could speak the gild when it was small. He got lost as the Inner-City winder grew. If Mr. Walsh did some discipline, then the caller probably wouldnt be in such a mess. He did understand how to expand the business and add employees were they be needed but he lacked vainglorious confidence to new(prenominal) people. With employee empowerment training he should be able to depone new employees. So with this alternative we lav see that the company will bewilder favorably.METHODS OF ANALYSISS.W.O.T analytic thinkingStrengths Competitive prices of its products. pixilated growth in its market. The companys reputation had been built on its profligate service it frequently supplied paint to contractors at heart 24 hours.Weaknesses Customers view Inner City as a company that negotiates on price and move overment out of desperation. His plant managers only go steady has been that of a painter. Operating without m anagement controls or fiscal controls. Inability to pay providers on time Poor condition of facilities only records atomic number 18 processed manually strain records are not kept. Lack of congruous delegation of authority. Employees take turns making paint and driving the delivery trucks. Unskilled employees.Opportunities Considering a purchase of a computer to conjure the business and reduce needless paperwork. Consultants who are able to quickly spot problems in business. The production of color paints nemesiss The retardation in the housing market combined with the s minusculedown in the overall economy caused financial difficulty for the company. Walsh manages the corporation today in more the same way that he did when the business began. Walsh lacked on giving trust to new(prenominal) people. Rumors abound that the company is in difficult financial straits, that it is unable to pay suppliers, and it owes a considerable sum for defrayal on back taxes. cay contractor s are hesitant to give larger orders. large orders usually go to larger companies that break demonstrated their reliability and solvency. No backvass has been performed. This could lead to penalty by the interior Revenue Service (IRS).Porters Five Forces Industry Analysis panic of New entrants there are low entry barriers in the paint manufacturing industry. This is because it is ground on the low costs to enter the market and product unanimity. This is due to an escaped and cheap development stage. As for slap-up requirements, firms need to dress small financial resources before entering this market.Rivalry amid Competing FirmsInner-City Paint is confronted by aggressive emulation in its business. there are small paint manufacturers in Chicago that fork up the immediate area. The market for paint is exceedingly competitive. It doesnt compete with giants such as Glidden and DuPont. Competition among the giants isnt that fierce, but they unload their large orders to th em.Bargaining Power of SuppliersThere is a high bargaining power of suppliers since the industry is highly dependent on component suppliers, a powerful supplier could exert pressure on the market, by supplying components at a high price to increase his profits. their products are the primary election raw material for the paint manufacturing companies. They could withal erect high switching costs. Since Inner-City Paint is working only with few selected suppliers, the company is running at a higher(prenominal) risk than the bonnie.Bargaining Power of BuyersThere is a low bargaining power of buyers this is due to high number of other paint manufacturers in the area in the industry and the customer has the options to take the cheapest and the best.Threat of SubstitutesThere is a high threat of substitutes because there are larger companies that have demonstrated reliability and solvency that paint contractors can choose. There are also other small paint manufacturers in the area. p ecuniary ANALYSISInner-City Paint Corporations revenue for the year is $1,784,080. It experienced a engagement Income of $ 17,610.Profitability proportionsReturn on assets = $ 17,610 = 5.98%$ 294,565This shows that Inner-City Paint is not providing an adequate overtake on the firms investment.Net Profit Margin = $ 17,610 = 0.987%$ 1,784,080This ratio indicates how much money Inner-City Paint makes with each incremental dollar in sales that they experience, gist that a higher ratio would return increased profit with each excess dollar in sales.Liquidity Ratio real Ratio = 262,515 = 0.92285,030This ratio shows that Inner-City Paint is currently in trouble run across its financial commitments because its current ratio is under 1.Leverage RatiosDebt Ratio = 300,030 = 1.02294,565This measures the portion of amount of money assets provided by the companys creditors. In conjunction with other ratios, this ratio indicates the degree to which operating losses may be cushioned from adv erse actions by creditors. vulgar Size Financial Statement AnalysisINCOME STATEMENT% to SalesSales$ 1,784,080 100.00% apostrophize of Goods Sold 1,428,730 80.08%Gross Margin 355,350 19.92%Expenses selling expenses 72,460 4.06%Administrative expenses 67,280 3.77%Presidents pay 132,000 7.40%Office Managers wages 66,000 3.70% amount expenses 337,740 18.93%Net Income $ 17,610 0.99%BALANCE mainsheetAmount % to Total AssetsAssetsCurrent Assets bullion $ 1,535 0.52%Accounts receivable (net of ADA of $63,400) 242,320 82.26%Inventory 18,660 6.33%Total current assets 262,515 89.12%Non-current AssetsMachinery and transportation equipment 47,550 16.14%Less accrued depreciation 15,500 5.26%Total non-current assets 32,050 10.88%Total Assets 294,565 100.00%LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesAccounts payable $ 217,820 73.95%Salaries payable 22,480 7.63%Notes payable 6,220 2.11%Taxes payable 38,510 13.07%Total current liabilities 285,030 96.76%Non-current LiabilitiesLong-term notes payable 15,000 5. 09%Owners EquityCommon equity 12,400 4.21% dearth (17,865) (6.06%)Total liabilities and owners equity $ 294,565 100.00%With all of this study we can point out that near of the expenses is attributable to Walshs salary. His six-figure income is not the average salary of a president in such a small company. He might try taking a small pay cut to invest that money in the business. He should also make set selling prices. Next, he should check into finding cheaper suppliers to bring his beam materials cost down. Financially ICP needs a financial account manager to jump off investing money and watch pay closer.