Molluscan Assemblage on the Intertidal Zones of Butuan Bay

Molluscan Assemblage on the Intertidal Zones of Butuan BayMOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGE (UNIVALVIA AND BIVALVIA) ON THE intertidal ZONES OF BUTUAN BAY, AGUSAN DEL NORTE, NORTHEASTERN MINDANAOARIEYL C. JAMODIONGINTRODUCTIONCoastal regularize is one of the marine environments where the more or less intense and harsh conditions in the world occurs. This aquatic biome ofttimes deals with the changing of tide daily in all toldowing extreme exposure to sunlight so that high school temperature, increase salinity (due to intense evaporation) and low pissing supply is often experienced in this area. More everywhere, this part of the aquatic world is o indite to potent action brought about by the wave thereby making this expanse the more or less severe environment to live in. In spite of this, grand array of animals exist beca implement they are well adapted to these extreme conditions. Among these assorted organisms are the molluscs which are the most familiar form of invertebrates on ear th. This separate of animal is very important ecologically and economically since they create a vital link in the marine food web (Burkepile 2007 Castell Sweatman 1997) and the digestible forms are source of protein for human consumption, while the shells are make outn for its use as raw materials for poultry feeds, cement producer, fertilizers, ornamentals (Paul et al 2014 Tabugo et al 2013 Del Norte-Campos et al 2003 Floren 2003 Schoppe et al 1998) and even has the potential as antiviral drugs (Chatterji et al 2002). delinquent to these, the coastal partition can therefore be considered as the most productive and since it is easily accessible, this region is vulnerable to impacts of anthropogenic activities (Vaghela et al 2010). Without a doubt, exploitation of instinctive resources (i.e unregulated harvesting) are now create ruinous effects on the molluscan fauna of the intertidal zone (Doloroza Dangan-Galon 2014 Jontila et al 2014 Gomez Mingoa-Licuanan 2006) as a resu lt of rapid increase in human population, tourist development and commercial demands.Interplay among environmental (down payment size, wave action, salinity of the interstitial water, constituent(a) matter and calcium change circumscribe of the sediment) and biological factors (predation, competition and recruitment) affects the laic and spatial changes in species copiousness in biological communities (Flores-Rodrguez et al 2014 Esqueda-Gonzalez et al 2014 Rahman Barkati 2012 Batomalaque et al 2010 Rios-Jara et al 2009 de Arruda Amaral 2003 Azouzi et al. 2002). In the Philippines, intense human activities (for instance, harvesting, tourism and fishing) has resulted to un-controlled over exploitation of natural resources e particular(prenominal)ly commercially important species despite external and local laws that banned the harvesting of these valuable commodities. In order for sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources to become successful, sufficient learning on biological multifariousness must be make. Studies on diversity and teemingness on molluscs in the country are inadequate which embroil the works of Dolorosa Dangan-Galon (2014), Picardal Dolorosa (2014), Dolorosa Jontila (2012), Batomalaque et al (2010), Dolorosa Schoppe (2005) with congressly few works done in Mindanao, Philippines (Manzo et al 2014 Tabugo et al 2013). Therefore, the aim of this study is to do assessment on the abundance of molluscan concourse (gastropods and pelecypods) in the intertidal zone of Butuan Bay with the interest objectives (1) to measure the physical and chemical para euphonys of the water (DO, temperature, salinity and pH), and the sediment subjects ( full(a) organic matter, calcium carbonate and grain size) (2) to come up with a list of gastropods and bivalves by identifying collected molluscs (3) to compare the abundance and diversity of these molluscan assemblage between ceremonious sites and (4) to identify which among the physic al, chemical and sediment contents that may control or influence the scattering and abundance of gastropod and bivalve assemblage. It is hoped, that supervise molluscan biodiversity of any marine ecosystem specifically the easily accessible intertidal zone testament allow appropriate assessment of the effects of anthropogenic (e.g., pollution, unregulated harvesting, habitat degradation and fishing practices) as well as natural (e.g., hurricanes and currents) factors on species diversity and abundance.MATERIALS AND METHODSDescription of the Study AreaButuan Bay is placed in the northeast section of Mindanao and is part of Bohol Sea. It has a latitude of 904N and longitude of 12522E (http//en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Butuan_Bay). The well-known Agusan River, which is the longest river in Mindanao, brings freshwater into Butuan bay. The bay is an important fishing ground where most of the fishermen collar tuna and sardines (Wernsted Spencer 1967).Sampling StationsFour consu me sites go forth be positioned on the intertidal zones of Butuan Bay, Agusan del Norte for the assessment of molluscs (Figure 1). These sites forget be chosen on the basis of the type of substrate and presence of industries, b severally resorts and bamboo houses or shanties constructed on the coastline.Station 1 leave behind be situated at Barangay Pook, Tubay where San Roque Metals Inc. is present. The troupe is involved in nickel mining which dumped its wastes presently into the coast causing the water to turn into a brownish coloration. The intertidal flat is constitute largely of broken corals and is characterized by rubble substrate that may ease up resulted from the mining demolition. Station 2 leave be established along Barangay Marcos, Magallanes where Eurasia Match Inc. (EMI) is turn up. The company is one of the biggestFigure 1. Geographical locations of the four consume sites in the intertidal zonesof Butuan Bay, Northeastern Philippines (http//www.maphill.com/ philippines/region-10/agusan-del-norte/simple-maps/silver-style-map/)distributor of match in the country. more or less 250 meters away from this station is the outlet of Agusan River which was reported to have carried with it run-off waters contaminate with residues of mercury and cyanide believed to have come from Mt. Diwalwal, the biggest mining site located in Compostela Valley (http//www.bar.gov.ph/digest-home/digest-archives/94-2003-4th-quarter/3282-oct-dec03-mercury-contamination-in-agusan-river). The intertidal flat is distinguished by a muddy flat substrate. Station 3 pull up stakes be established at Barangay Sta. Ana, Nasipit where the Aboitiz floating post barge was situated. The barge makes use of petroleum to provide electricity to the entire responsibleness of Agusan del Norte during long episode of power shortage. Fish pens are also visible along the area. This area is make up of muddy flat with mangroves situated along the shoreline. Station 4 leave behind be pl aced at Barangay Vinapor, Carmen where the intertidal zone hosts assorted species of corals and seagrass bed. This site is devoid of any industries although several beach resorts are present. system of Transects and QuadratsThree transects, with lengths of 50 meters and positioned perpendicular to the shore, will be placed on the intertidal flat of each consume site. The interval between transect lines will be 50 meters. Along each transect, four 11 meter quadrats set 10 meters apart from each other, will be laid. at bottom each quadrat, all environmental parameters, sediment samples for analysis of sediment contents, and all molluscs seen will be quantified in situ and will be gathered, respectively. Forty-eight quadrats (48 m2) will be laid down on the intertidal zones for the entire sampling sites during low tide. Employing a GPS (Garmin GPSMAP 76S), coordinates for each sampling sites will be taken.In situ intention of environmental parameters and the contents of the sedimen tDetermination of the physical and chemical factors namely, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity will be done directly on the field using the portable DO meter (AMSTAT, AMT07), pen type pH meter (PH-009) and refractometer (ATAGO), respectively. Fifty grams (50g) sediment samples will be collected for the analysis of intact organic matter and calcium carbonate using a plastic corer. Soil samples for the grain size determination will be obtained by gathering 200g sediments using a pinch sampler. Sediment collected will be placed separately in a Ziploc bag and labelled properly. Three sediment samples for the sediment content analysis will be obtained in every quadrat and will be placed inside the freezer until laboratory analysis.Field order of Molluscs samplesSamples for the collection of epifauna molluscs will be done by means of picking up live organisms seen on the sediment inside each of the quadrat. Specimens gathered will be stored inside a labelled plastic contain er and will be preserved with 10% formalin-seawater solution. Conversely, infauna species will be collected using a grab sampler which will be pushed to a depth of 15cm in the center of the quadrat. Sediment sample for the infauna species will be placed in a Ziploc bag.Laboratory analysis of Molluscs samplesInfauna species will be removed from the turd by sieving through a sieve with a 500m mesh opening. Molluscs retained on the sieve will be transferred to a tray and each species encountered will be hand-sorted and preserved in 10% formalin-seawater solution. Immediately, all molluscs will be cleaned, identified to species level and counted. A voucher precedent of each representative species will be set aside and its daft tissues will be removed, its shells will be cleaned and measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a Vernier caliper and then pictures will be taken using a digital camera (Sony Cyber-Shot, 16 MP). Counts will be expressed as numerical and sex act abundance. Numeric al abundance will be expressed as number of individuals per m2, while relative abundance for each species will be calculated as a percent of total molluscan species present. Molluscs will be identified using the shopworn works of Springsteen Leobrera (1986) and the illustrated guides to marine gastropods (http// www.gastropods. com.) and seashells (www.seashellhub.com, www.jaxshells.com.).Laboratory analyses of organic matter contents in the sediments and grain sizeDetermination of calcium carbonate concentration and total organic matter will be quantified using the method expound by Moghaddasi et al (2009). Calcium carbonate will be done by drying the sediment samples inside an oven at 70C for about 8 hours. Then, around twenty-five grams (25 g) will be weighed (W1), mixed with HCl (0.1 N) and will be stirred until no CO2 bubbles appeared earlier it will be stored. After 25 hours, the sample will be filtered and the upper smooth phase discarded. The residual sediments will be dried at 70C for 8 hours and reweighed again (W2). Calcium carbonate percentage will be measured by the following formulaCaCO3 (%) = 100 (W1-W2) / W1For the total organic matter (TOM) analysis, a pre-weighed crucible (C) half-filled with the sediment samples will be dried at 70C for 24 hours and afterwards reweighed (A). Subsequently, sediment samples will be placed in a furnace at 550C for about 12 hours, then will be allowed to cool before it will be reweighed again (B). The total organic matter will be calculated as followsTOM (%) = 100 (A-B)(A-C)Grain size will be settle downd following the method described by Das (2009) using 100g oven-dried sediment which will be sieved using series of screen sieves of 3.35 mm, 0.841 mm, 0.595 mm, 0.31 mm, 0.149 mm, and 0.074 and 0.053 mm mesh opening. Soil hints retained on each sieve will be taken and weighed separately. The percentage of each particle fraction will be computed as shown belowPercentage lading= Dry pitch of grained sedim ents x 100Total dry weight of sedimentsParticle size will be determined based on the USDA Soil Textural Triangle.Statistical AnalysesIndex for diversity profiles will be calculated using Shannon-Weaver Index, Margalef Index and Menhinick Index in order to determine changes in the composition of molluscs species.Variation on the abundance of molluscan species between sampling stations will be analyzed using One-way ANOVA.To know which among the environmental parameters and sediment contents that may influence the numerical abundance of molluscan assemblage, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) will be used.Similarities among molluscan assemblage will be determined using the Cluster Analysis (Wards Method). recent (PAleontological STatistical) parcel version 2.17 will be employed for all the statistical analyses (http//folk.uio.no/ohammer/ yesteryear/) (Hammer et al., 2001).LITERATURE CITEDAzouzi L., Bourget E., Borcard D., 2002 Spatial variation in the intertidal bivalveMacom a balthica biotic variables in relation to density and abiotic factors. 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